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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This bacteria causes persistent, dry, "whooping cough" that has the highest mortality rate among unimmunizedinfants less than 6 months of age
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Bordetella pertussis
(gram negative coccobacilli, need REGAN LOWE agar to perform culture; has three phases - cold/sore throat/runny nose/highly contagious --> whooping cough develops--> attacks become less frequent and patient is no longer contagious; Dx: culture of nasopharynx or PCR, which is method of choice) |
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Pathogenesis of Bordetella pertusis
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inhaled through nose ==> bacteria stay on epithelial surface (remains non-invasive) ==> pilli + adhesins allow bacteria to stick to respiratory epithelium ==> causes disease by secreting diff toxins
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This bacteria causes extreme lymphocytosis (inc WBC) along with other upper respiratory symptoms
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Bordetella pertusis
(causes lymphocytosis through Pertussis Toxin which inhibits lymphocyte/macrophage migration to areas of infection; in severe cases, causes necrotizing pneumonia wiht hemorrhage) Pertussis toxin is A-B exotoxin that increases cAMP to promote lymphocyte production but inhibit phagocytosis! |
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What is whooping cough actually caused by?
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local inflammation of the nasopharynx - presence of bacteria in this area (not the lungs).
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Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and adults in the US
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Neisseria Meningitidis
(gram negative diplococci, intracellular, INVASIVE, grows in CHOCOLATE AGAR) |
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Pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis
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attachement/colonization of nasopharynx mucosal surface via pilli ==> bacteria invade epithelium into bloodstream (classic "clue" of this stage is petechial rash) ==> can be taken up by choroid plexus and then into meninges (causing meningitis with or without sepsis - meningococcemia)
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What does endotoxin, Lipid A, cause in Neisseria meningitidis?
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inflammation, shock, DIC
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Name the 5 serotypes and which ones commonly cause meningitis in specific populations
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A- only seen in Africa
B- causes most of the infections in infants and young children C, Y, W-135 - causes most cases in adolescents and adults there are vaccines against capsular antigens EXCEPT for type B |
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Common causes of meningitis in infants, adolescents and college freshmen in dorms and is highly contagious
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Neisseria meningitidis
(Dx: gram stain + culture, vaccine can be given to all ages, virulence confered by PILLI, OPACITY PROTEINS to promote adherence of organism to one another and to host cells, and POLYSACCHARIDE CAPSUE which is anti-phagocytic) |
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Can cause babies to be blind soon after birth (ophthalmia neonatorum)
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(kidney bean shaped with concave sides facing each other, gram negative diplococci, pathogenesis is from sexual contact/birth canal ==> bacteria colonizes epithelium (of urethra) via pilli ==> bacteria penetrate via PARASITE-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS (phagocytosis by epithelial cells) ==> lipooligosaccharides (LOS) induces inflammation by upregulating strong neutrophil response |
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Sexually transmitted disease that causes gonorrhea in men and cervicitis in women (that can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease)
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(in both men and women, can also cause septic arthritis, Dx: gram stain+culture, Rx: antibiotics, educational prevention against STDs, prevent in newborns with eye drops at birth) |
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This bacteria invades epithelium through "parasite-mediated endocytosis"
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(cultured in CHOCOLATE AGAR, aerobic, catalase positive) |
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Normal status of urinary tract
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sterile from glomerulus to tubules, ureters, bladder and proximal urethra
- some bacteria on distal urethra |
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Host Defense mechanisms against UTIs (7)
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-urethra
-irrigation by urine -phagocytic activity of epithelial cells -complete emptying -Tamm-Horsfall proteins: contain mannose and may block sites on bacterial pili/fimbriae -ureterovesical valve: prevents ascent of infection from bladder -local Ab production: terminates pyelonephritis, but not bladder infection |
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Pili type of E. coli that causes most of pyelonephritis
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type II (p pili)
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Most common cause of acute uncomplicated UTIs in young women
(just get simple urethritis/cystitis==> so you just prescribe antibiotic w/o culture or urinalysis) |
E. coli = 80%
Staphylococcus saprophyticus = 10-15% Proteus + Klebsiella symptoms include dysuria (painful urination), frequency, urgency, w/o fever, flank pain |
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Young woman presents with flank pain, nausea, vomiting, with fever, +/- dysuria
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acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis (E. Coli=80%)
- Dx: WBC in urine, WBC casts in urine, pos blood culture |
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Young woman presents with flank pain, dysuria, frequency, urgency, without fever
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acute uncomplicated UTI (E coli = 80%)
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most reliable Dx of primary syphilis
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dark field microscopy
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Commonly causes infections of US soldiers on jungle assignments in Panama
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leptospira interrogans
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