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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the other four names that also are used for Measles?
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1. Rubeola
2. Hard Measles 3. Red Measles 4. Morbilli |
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What are the other four names that also are used for Measles?
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1. Rubeola
2. Hard Measles 3. Red Measles 4. Morbilli |
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What is the aka for Mumps?
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Infectious Parotitis
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What are the two aka's for Rubella?
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1. German Measles
2. 3-Day Measles |
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What is the aka for Polio?
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Infantile Paralysis
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What is the aka for Chickenpox?
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Varicella
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What is the aka for Herpes Zoster?
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Girdle
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What are the two aka's for Fifth Disease?
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1. Erythema Infeciosum
2. Academy Rash |
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What is the aka for Pertussis?
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Whooping Cough
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What are the four paramyxovirus's that cause human disease?
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1. Measles
2. Mumps 3. Parainfluenza Virus 4. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
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What four viruses are Enveloped?
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1. Measles
2. Rubella 3. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 4. Parainfluenza Virus |
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What three viruses are ssRNA?
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1. Rubella
2. Respiratory Syncytial Virus 3. Parainfluenza Virus |
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What virus is an RNA virus?
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Measles
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What viruses can be transmitted via respiratory droplets?
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1. Measles
2. Mumps 3. Rubella 4. Polio 5. Chickenpox 6. Fifth Disease |
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What virus can be transmitted by direct contact with saliva?
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Mumps
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What virus can be transmitted via fecal-oral?
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Polio
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What virus can adults infect children, but children cannot infect adults?
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Herpes-Zoster
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What are the symptoms/pathogenesis of measles?
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1. Koplik's spots
2. fever 3. coryza 4. cough 5. conjunctivitis 6. blotchy maculopapular rash on face 7. vasculitis 8. Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells |
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What virus causes parotitis?
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Mumps
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What are the symptoms/pathogenesis of Mumps?
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1. Parotitis
2. Viremia 3. fever 4. 1/2 of people contracting mumps have CNS involvement |
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What is the pathogenesis of Polio?
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Infects the pharynx (tonsils), small intestine (peyers patches), then viremia in body.
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What are the symptoms/pathogenesis of Chickenpox?
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1. Viremia
2. Fever (worse in adults) 3. Malaise 4. rash on trunk 5. itchy vesicles that burst, forming scabs |
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What is the name given to Herpes-Zoster upon reactivation?
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Shingles
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When Shingles are activated in herpes-zoster, what gets inflammed?
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The Dorsal Nerve Root Ganglion (DNRG)
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What is the appearence and location of shingles when it manifests?
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A unilateral rash around the thoracic area
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What virus is associated with Slapped Cheak Rash?
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Fifth Disease
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Fifth disease manifests with what symptoms/pathology?
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Slapped Cheak Rash
Arthralgia Chronic Hemolytic Anemia Lace-like rash on trunk and limbs |
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What are the symptoms/pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
In Infants? In Children and Adults? In the Elderly? |
Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia in children < 1 year of age
Cold-like illness in children and adults Severe flu-like illness and pneumonia in the elderly |
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What is the bacterial agent for Diptheria?
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Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
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What is the bacterial agent for Tetanus?
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Clostridium Tetani
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What is the bacterial agent for Pertussis?
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Bordetella Pertussis
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What is the bacterial agent for Hemophilus Influenza?
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It is the blood loving agent of influenza
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Is diptheria gram (-) or gram (+)?
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Gram (+)
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What type of toxin does Diptheria have?
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Exotoxin
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What kind of toxin does Tetanus have?
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Monotypic Neurotoxin
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What kind of toxin does pertussis have?
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Both an endotoxin, and several exotoxins (cytotoxin and pertussis toxin)
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What are the toxic effects of diptheria?
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1. fatty degeneration of liver, adrenals, kidneys, peripheral nerves, and myocardium
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What are the toxic effects of tetanus?
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The neurotoxin binds to the post synaptic membrane blocking reciprocal inhibition. Rigidity occurs because opposing muscles contract simultaneously
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What are the toxic effects of pertussis?
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The cytotoxin kills epithelial cells.
The pertussis toxin induces high lymphocytosis, inhibits adenalate cyclase, and blocks phagocytosis |
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How is diptheria transmitted?
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Organisms are usually inhaled, and sometimes it is in raw milk
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What are the clinical manifestations of diptheria?
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A grayish psuedomembrane forms in throat from coagulation of dead respiratory epithelial cells, bacteria, fibrin, and pus.
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How is tetanus transmitted?
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Tetanus spores can enter through puncture wounds.
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What are the clinical manifestations of tetanus?
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Rigidity
Spasms Pain/Stiffness in abdomen Lock Jaw Risus Sardonicus (sustained spasm in facical mm.) Dysphagia |
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Tetanus can lead to what secondary manifestation?
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Pneumonia following aspiration of fluid
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What is the name used for tetanus that affects the newborns?
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Tetanus Neonatorum
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How is Tetanus Neonatorum contracted?
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From the infected umbilicus of an unvaccinated mother
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What are the clinical manifestations of pertussis?
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Upper respiratory tract infection lasts for weeks, including 3 stages:
Stage 1 = Catarrhal - 1 week acute restricted infection of respiratory epithelium. Includes fever, runny nose, conjunctivitis, cough Stage 2 = Paroxysmal - 1-6 weeks of multiplication and acute inflammation (laryngotracheobronchitis) mucus clogs airways, worsening cough with inspiratory whoop and vomiting. Fatalities occur from pneumonia in infants. Stage 3 = Convalescent - 6-12 weeks of recovery |
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What are the secondary manifestations of pertussis?
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pneumonia (may be fatal in infants)
seizures (although infrequent) |
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Hemophilus Influenza flora are normally found where within the body?
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The nasopharynx
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What is the pathogenic property of hemophilus influenza?
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It has a capsule. There are 6 capsule types (A-F). B is BAD!
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What are the symptoms/pathogenesis of hemophilus influenza?
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Urinary Tract Infections
Tonsilitis Otitis Media (Hib is 2nd leading cause of ear infection) Pharyngitis Acute Epiglottitis Childhood Meningitis (can cause permanent brain damage: blindness, deafness, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hydrocephaly) Pneumonia |
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What is a secondary condition that can occur from hemophilus influenza?
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A urinary tract infection my lead to a respiratory tract infection, which can cause death in 24 hours if there is no tracheostomy.
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What bacteria is the primary cause of bacterial meningitis worldwide?
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Hemophilus Influenza
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What is the most characteristic feature of Measles?
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Koplik spots - red with white center
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What is the most characteristic feature of Mumps?
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Swollen Parotid gland
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What is the most characteristic feature of Rubella?
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Rash during spring and during epidemics
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What is the most characteristic feature of Chickenpox?
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Rash on trunk, spreads to arms, face, legs, itchy vesicles that burst and form scabs
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What is the most characteristic feature of Croup?
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Croup is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis. Is a symptom of Parainfluenza. Croup is a barking cough with inspiratory stridor
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What is the most characteristic feature of Fifth Disease?
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Mild "slapped cheak" rash, and arthralgia
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What is the most characteristic feature of Diptheria?
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Grayish pseudomembrane in throat made up of bacteria, dead respiratory epithelial cells, pus
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What is the most characteristic feature of Pertusis?
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A paroxysmal cough followed by inspiratory whoop and vomiting
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What is the most characteristic feature of Tetanus?
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Risus Sardonicus - Spasm of facial muscles
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Why do public health officials promote vaccines for diseases that have been dramatically reduced already?
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1. To defend against asymptomatic carriers.
2. To defend against people carrying the virus into the U.S. from other countries. 3. To defend against people who have had incomplete vaccinations. |
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Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Measles - Enveloped RNA Virus - Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae Group: A fatal condition in adults who had measles when they were under the age of 2 (CNS degeneration) |
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Orchitis:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Mumps - Paramyxoviridae Group: Post pubescent males and adults |
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Shingles:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Varicella-Zoster Group: Predominantly a disease of middle/old age, 60 yrs +. |
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Giant Cell Pneumonia:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Measles from multinucleated giant cells (Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells) Group: - Found in protein malnourished children less than 5 years of age |
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Erythema Infectiosum:
What it the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Fifth Disease - Human Parvovirus B19 Group: - Adults from household and schools that have contracted it from children |
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Risus Sardonicus:
What it the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Tetanus - Chlostridium Tetani Group: - Drug addicts, elderly, immunocompromised |
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Childhood Meningitis:
What it the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Hemophilus Influenza - Gram (-) aerobic, coccobacillus Group: - Children age 6 months - 2 years old |
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Acute Epiglottitis:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Hemophilus Influenza - Gram (-), aerobic, coccobacillus Group: - Children 5 years old or less |
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Croup:
What is the agent? What is the group in the population most at risk? |
Agent:
- Parainfluenza Virus - Enveloped paramyxovirus - ssRNA Group: - Children under 3 years of age |
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Regarding Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS):
Describe cardinal characteristics? Indicate when during pregnancy risk is greatest? |
Cardinal Characteristics:
Abortion; cataracts, glaucoma, heart defects, deafness, mental retardation. When during pregnancy? When a pregnant woman aquires it in the first month of pregnancy |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Measles? |
Pro - 95% effective
Con - Demyelinating encephalopathy in 1 in a million vaccines |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Mumps? |
Pro - Life long immunity
Con - None |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Rubella? |
Pro - reduced incidence of Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) in children 1-12 by 70%
Con - None identified in notes |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Polio? |
Pro - Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV) has reduced disease by 1000X, can stop epidemics, easy to administer (taken orally)
Con - Salk Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) requires injection. TOPV may revert to virulent form in 1/2.5 million vaccinations) |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Tetanus? |
Pro - Only about 50 cases per year in U.S from vaccination
Con - Mortality rate is 45% |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Diptheria? |
Pro - Immunization protects against toxic effects of diptheria. Protection good for 10 years.
Con - Immunization does not protect against colonization |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Pertussis? |
Pro - 90% effective in infants
Con - May cause encephalopathy, seizure, SIDS, but investigation does not support causal role. Most common side effect is inconsolable crying for 24 hours |
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Pros and Cons of vaccination for :
Hemophilus Influenza? |
Pro - 98% decline in incedence. Less than 10 fatalities per year.
Con - None identified |
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Regarding Post Polio Sydrome:
What is it? Who is at risk? What is the treatment? What is the prognosis? |
What is it? - Paralytic poliomyelitis that develops 25-35 years after apparent recovery.
Who is at risk? - Adults from 25 years + What is the treatment? - No treatment Prognosis? - profound weakness, pain, loss of muscle mass in previously affected limb |
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Measles? |
Good, as humans are only reservoir and disease dies out in isolated communities. Recovery from disease confers life-long immunity in most people. Is a stable single antigenic type, so can be controlled better.
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Mumps? |
Vaccine confers life long immunity. Single antigenic type easier to eradicate.
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Rubella? |
Good. Aggressive campaign to immunize children age 1-12 has reduced incidence by 70%
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Polio? |
Possible. Humans are only reservoir, so eradication is possible with IPV vaccine
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Tetanus? |
Possible, but unlikely. Vaccination has reduced incidence to 50 cases per year. But, drug addicts and elderly with low immune status at higher risk.
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Diptheria? |
Unlikely. immunization only protects against toxic effects, not colonization.
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Pertussis? |
Good. Vaccine is 90% effective
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What is the likelihood of eradication for:
Hemophilus Influenza? |
good. 98% decline in incidence from vaccine.
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What obstacles exist to the widespread use of a vaccine for RSV?
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The vaccine, Formalin may cause disease upon natural re-exposure to RSV
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