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132 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Nipah virus contains a _______ core and ______ matrix.
Protein Core and Protein Matrix
Nipah virus is covered by membrane projecting ________.
Glycoproteins
What are the 2 glycoproteins projecting from the membrane of the Nipah Virus?
G and F
Describe the G glycoprotein of the Nipah Virus.
The G is the major glycoprotein also known as the "attachment protein". It recognizes cell, and may be used for vaccine. It is difficult to use because so pathogenic.
What protein does G glycoprotein of Nipah Virus bind to?
Ephrin B3
Why is it not surprising that many animals can be infected by the Nipah Virus?
Because the Ephrin B3 protein which G glycoprotein of virus attaches to is found in all animals. It is widespread
Describe the F protein of the Nipah Virus.
F protein is the fusion protein and it allows membranes to fuse. The virus recognizes receptors nad receptors pull outside of virus very close. Then virus causes membranes to fuse and core of virus enters cell
What is the direct fusion event of Nipah Virus and cells?
If cell is already infected it will display the fusion protein on surface of cell. Fusion proteins will bind receptors and cause membranes to fuse and building a giant cell SYNCYTIUM.
How can F protein function as a therapeutic approach to stop infection?
Short pieces of polypeptides from fusion protein can act as competitive inhibitors to block fusion and syncytium formation
The interior of nipah virus is a ______ nt RNA.
18,000
The beads on structure of RNA of Nipah Virus are called what?
N proteins
There is one N for every ____ nucleotides in RNA of Nipah Virus
one
What do the transcriptase complexes do in Nipah Virus ?
They convert negative stranded RNA to positive stranded RNA
RNA genome of Nipah Virus is polycistronic. What does this mean?
Individual genes act separately from one another. They are all transcribed independently.
Where did Nipah Virus began?
Pig farm in Ipoh, Malaysia
What are the symptoms of Nipah Virus?
High fever, semi consciousness, muscular twitching/weakness, mild respiratory symptoms, headache, vomiting
What is the mortality rate of Nipah Virus?
40%
Nipah Virus is known to have relapses T/F
True
How did they try to bring spread to halt? Where did it reappear?
Killing all the pigs, Bangladesh and India
Who actually carried the Nipah Virus?
Bats not PIGS
What was one scientific method people tried to use to halt disease?
Tried to halt disease by using synthetic proteins to block fusion process or synctium formation
What does RNA polymerase do in Nipah Virus ?
RNA polymerase binds to negative stranded gene 3->5 and makes first RNA (5->3) which is roughly the size of the gene
In Nipah Virus, why is the second gene made in fewer copies?
Less RNA polymerases
What genes do we need most copies of and least copies in Nipah Virus?
Most of N gene and least of L
What are functions of P gene in Nipah Virus?
P gene is a primary gene product. It makes three different proteins. C, V, W?
How do we make V and W from the P gene in Nipah Virus? **`
Specific site on RNA where RNA polymerase may make a mistake and put in one or two extra G's causing the reading frame to shift and eventually run into stop codon that stops synthesis of V or W.
What does the C peptide in Nipah virus do?
Protects virus from IFN actions
What do V and W peptides do in Nipah Virus?
Interfere in IFN response; inhibit dsRNA activation of IFN synthesis
With V, what recognizes intracellular dsRNA? Then what does Nipah do?
RIG-1 recognizes intracellular dsRNA and Nipah blocks recognition of dsRNA
What level of IFN synthesis pathway does W act on?
IRF pathway in nucleus
What does NIP-W block?
RIG-1 Pathway and TLR pathway because both come together at nucleus points
These proteins also act on what other type of pathway? What doe they do?
JACK/STAT pathway ; IFN affects ISGs, receptors come together and STATI and STAT2 grab these proteins and bind in complex so that they cannot act and if by chance they make it to nucleus, W is sequestering them to stop ISG from being turned on
What is mortality rate of Nipah?
70%
Why are bats carriers of disease?
There are so many species; largest group of vertebrates. So many viruses are carried because there are so many different types of bats.
Why did the Nipah Virus suddenly appear?
Emergence is linked to series of El Nino events. This affects Indonesia with hot and dry weather causing several forest fires; or people burning rainforest to plant oil palms and make diesel oil. People destroying bat habitat -> bats fly across strait to pig farms in malaysia. Fruit trees around pig farms to feed bats. Bats suck juice out of fruit and spit remainder which is eaten by pigs. Pigs carried virus.
What is problem with this el nino, forest far, pig theory of nipah virus?
It does not explain how Nipah virus started appearing in Bangladesh.
Most ecologists believe Nipah and Hendra viruses are related to ____________ and ____________.
Deforestation and habitat destruction
How do some people think that Nipah virus spread in Bangladesh?
Bangladesh people started collecting date palms and then bats raid the fruit juice buckets and leave virus
Why is not much known about Nipah Virus?
So recent and just recognized
What is the most commonly reported vector borne disease in the United States?
Lyme Disease
In the year 2009, what is the number of cases of lyme disease in the US according to CDC?
~460,000
When did lyme disease appear in humans?
Late 1980s
What states is Lyme disease localized in US?
Mid east and north central states, and some in California
What other country is Lyme disease highly emergent?
Europe
What type of people usually get lyme disease?
Young people, living in suburbs, close to wooded areas, spend a lot of time in woods
Looking at animals in collections in museums we find evidence of lyme disease dating back to when?
18th century
There are ___ times as many cases of lyme disease in Europe as in US.
Twice
What are the various symptoms of lyme disease that occur after tick bite?
Bulls eye rash, joint aches and pains, fever, flu like symptoms
What is the cause of the bulls eye rash of lyme disease?
Inflammation causes flow of lymph into an area which causes swelling and irritation of nerve roots and results in pain
What is the bacteria that causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi or sensu stricta as it is called ineurope
What is erythena migrans?
Rash that results from early infection of lyme disease. It is a skin infection
Describe process of tick infection of lyme disease?
Tick inoculates an areas and causes erythena migrans. Early in infection, penetration of vessels and dissemination to other parts of body. Late in infection, penetration of tissues and establishment of infections in heart, joints and skin
What is the most common symptom of lyme disease ?
Rash
What are other symptoms of lyme disease?
Muscle aches, swelling of joints, headaches, night sweats, facial paralysis, visual disturbances, stiff neck, lymphoedema
When do symptoms of lyme disease usually show up?
About two weeks after tick bite
What is the most debilitating symptom of lyme disease ?
NEUROBORRELIOSIS,
How does Neuroborreliosos manifest itself?
it affects nervous symptom; manifests in many ways from muscle spasms in face, involuntary eye movements, meningintis, encaphalitis, short term memory loss, mood and sleep disturbances,
What are heart symptoms of lyme disease?
Heart block might appear late, arrhythmia, can be miocardisis which is infection of heart muscle or heart enlargement, rares than neurborreliosis or arthiritis
What causes swelling around joints after lyme disease?
normal reaction involves macrophages and neutrophiles entering infected areas causing swelling and resulting pain
What protein in bacterial cell specifically causes inflammation?
Peptidoglycan
What do the two proteins peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide to to cause trouble?
They inhibit components of immune system; down regulate the immune system and prevent response from being ramped up. This prolongs bacteria survival .
Symptoms of lyme disease are similar to another disease caused by spirochete. It is called what?
Syphilis
What kind of immune response does lyme disease evoke?
Autoimmune response - immunity against normal host protein OspA = outer surface protein A
Why does lyme disease evoke this autoimmune response on OspA?
IOspA has antigenic determinants that look like those of leukocytes
The autoimmune response of lyme disease is characteristic of what other similar disease?
Osteoarthiritis
T/F People die from lyme disease often.
False, it is believed that no one ever dies of lyme disease
Why is diagnosis especially difficult of lyme disease?
None of symptoms are common to all patients instead symptoms are general
What are the best diagnostic tool of lyme disease?
Tick bite and bulls eye ras h
What are the two other diseases carried by the tick that carries lyme disease?
Babesiosis and anaplasmosis
What causes Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis?
Babesiosis is caused by bacteria like organism and anaplasmosis is caused by bacterium
Why does the fact that tick can carry other diseases other than lyme disease make diagnosis difficult?
Because tick can infect person with all three diseases in one bite
Describe the bacteria that causes lyme disease.
THey are present in small numbers so very difficult to detect, difficult to grow in culture. They can transform into dormant cysts and then come out of this to cause disease
Describe immune reaction against borrelia burgdorferi.
It is very difficult. It develops slowly and no single bacteria antigen predominates. Bacteria can produce and switch between OspA antigens to OspB or OspC. Changing immune system so you could be re-infected because not protected against subsequent infections.
What happened to immunization vaccine developed for lyme disease agaisnt OspA?
It developed an autoimmune reaction causing reaction with normal proteins and leukocytes so recalled
What makes lyme disease so difficult to diagnose?
No one specific antigen since antigens are constantly changing. Immune protection only lasts a few years and can be re-infeected again
What was wrong with the OspA vaccine that was developed?
It caused an autoimmune reaction to white blood cells so withdrawn from market
What is the conflict with doctors about lyme disease?
Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose and doctors do not want to prescribe antibiotics without being sure of the disease
What antibiotics are used to treat lyme disease ?
Doxycycline and Ampicillin
If caught early and given antibiotic, there is ____ chance of being cured.
98%
It cures ____% if see patients with many symptoms.
80
Why might some people still have symptoms after given antibiotic?
There might be dormant bacteria or trace of bacteria in blood
What is disseminated disease?
When you still have symptoms after disease so you are prescribed prolonged treatment
What is wrong with prolonged treatment for disseminated disease?
It encourages growth of resistant strains and antibiotics themselves can be toxic in high doses; patients relapse after treatment
What happens with too much cephalosporin?
It affects gall bladder to point that it must be removed
What are the problems with treatment and diagnosis of lyme disease for doctors?
Many doctors have been sued because of over antibiotic dosage. Many doctors moving out of lyme endemic areas.
When do you start making the antibodies to lyme disease and what are they?
IgG and IgM, you don't start making them IgM until about a week after infection point and then you make IgG
When does CDC you should take blood samples for lyme disease?
10 days later, and 14 days later and you should see pattern of antibodies.
What are the problems with using blood tests and antibodies to determine if you have lyme disease?
You must know starting point of disease and IgG could indicate entirely different disease
Who are the people who have "chronic lyme disease" ?
These are patients who are really sick
Why do doctors disagree with Chronic Lyme Disease?
Doctors say that there is no such thing because they can't prove that lyme disease bacteria is causing symptoms
What do doctors do when they have patient with Chronic Lyme Disease?
They often wont treat them without CDC proof or they send them to psychiatrist or prescribe high dose of antibiotics
What is the only fool proof method to avoid lyme disease?
Stay indoors and avoid pets that wander in woods
Where does lyme disease occur?
It occurs world wide
What is major reservoir for lyme disease especially in United States
White footed mouse
What is debated about these white footed mice with lyme diseaase?
Whether or not they carry symptoms
What are the ticks that take blood meal from mice and ingest the bacteria for lyme disease?
Ixodes scapularis - black legged tick
Ixodes pacific - deer tick
What is the life cycle of the ticks after they get their blood meal from mice?
They crawl into leaves on forest floor and undergo molt metamorphosis to form larva of 6 legs then to nymph of 8 legs. Nymph is asexual and it undergoes metamorphosis to adult which iis male or female. Each stage it takes blood meal. Last blood meal source is typically dear. After mating, female lays eggs which hatch into larvae
Describe the life cycle in full detail of ticks.
Femal lays eggs which hatch in early spring into larvae. These larva have blood meal and molt in winter so that nymphs emerge in following spring in large numbers. Nymph clibs to edge of grass glade (questing - tick waves legs to climb bushes) to get blood meal from whatever animal walks by and after they get blood meal they fall off into leaves and molt around winter again into adults. Adults appear around early fall or are dormant and appear in spring again. They are hungry and look for blood meal source such as deer. THen they lays eggs and start cycle over again.
What mouth parts of tick are inserted into blood provider to drink the blood?
Hypostome
When can infected tick pass on disease?
TIck will be infected and it enters gut of tick where bacteria grows and remains in gut. It molts and new form emerges and takes another blood meal. This meal activates bacteria to replicate and migrate to salivary glands which all takes 48 hours. Infected tick cannot pass on disease until 48 hours after began taking blood meal.
What is Salvia?
It is spit in and out with blood meal and is an anticoagulant that keeps blood from clotting and flowing into tick
What are favored hosts for adult ticks ?
Deer
Population of deer since 1920 in US has creased ____ fold.
66
Why did the large increase in deer occur?
Decline in predators, conversion of farm land to suburbs so deer want these places where they can hide, decline of human predation on deer
Why can't we just kill off deer population to reduce threat of lyme disease?
People think large number of deer is natural, People think deer have rights, people like deer
How can you control deer without killing? What is wrong with these methods?
Contraception - difficult. In relocation, deer trap themselves and then you need to euthanize them anyways
How many deer deaths are there in missouri per year ?
250,000
How many deer are in MO and how many are fertile females?
1.5 million, 1/4 are fertile femailse so about 375000
How many new fawns are created each year?
750,000
Why does deer population continue to rise?
Birth rate is higher than death rate
What about if we go after the ticks on the deer? We could treat the deer with chemicals called ______.
Acaricides
What is the very effective and good way to apply acaricides to the deer?
Four Poster Method - new method with yellow sponges over pipe that connects to reservoir that has solution that soaks sponges. Put food such as corn so that when deer eat they will get application of chemicals
What are the benefits in four poster method?
It proves that deer play key role in maintaining tick population since they found 60-75% reduction in ticks by treating deer
What are problems with four poster methods?
Rats love the corn so their population is out of control. Deer can get overdosed and renders their meet toxic. Ticks evolve resistance to acaricides if in heavy use
What are some other ways to keep ticks off people ?
Bug repellents, defensive clothing - long sleeve shirts, light colored pants, hat, repellent on clothes and shoes, tuck pants into socks, close toed shoes, 40% higher incidence of lyme disease in people who dont use defensive clothing
What can you have if you want higher protection of body?
Body stocking called Bug Skinz; very uncomfortable; like panty hose over entire body; tight fitting
Why is it worse in Europe?
There are five different bacteria there and birds are reservoir
What disease do the protozoa babesia microti and babesia divergens cause?
Babesiosis
What carries babesiosis ?
Same ticks that carry lyme disease - Ixodes Scapularis and Ixodes ricinus
What is mortality rate of Babesiosis in US? In Europe?
5%, 40%
What is reservoir for babesioisis?
White footed mouse
Where was first case of babesiosis and when?
1969, nantucket island
Disease symptoms of babesiosis are similar to what other disease?
Malaria
What are the symptoms of babesiosis?
high fever, chills, cold sweats, anemia, fevers are cyclical
What happens if babesiosis is left untreated?
Organ failure and death
What percentage of babesiosis victims require hospitalization?
25%
What is the treatment for babesiosis?
Quinone and Clindamycin - same as malaria
T/F Most cases of babesiosis in Us are so mild that they go away without any treatment.
True
Why is it difficult to make a vaccine against babesiosis?
So many life stages with many different antigenicities - surface proteins
Describe life cycle of babesiosis from tick bite.
Tick takes blood meal from human and infects it with sporozoite. Once in blood stream it attaches to blood cell and goes inside to grow and divide. It solubulizes hemoglobin and gets energy source from amino acids so it doubles and redoubles to form trophozoites. This splits and splits again to form maltezecross. Infected RBC lyeses and releases merozoites and grab other RBC and begin infection cycle over again. Sometimes thoguh instead of producing merozoites, infection produces gametocytes which dont do anything in vertebra but if taken up by another tick will fuse and form whole series of structures such as zygote -> kinete-> sporblast -> sporozoites for another round of infection
How do you tell the difference between malaria and babesiosis?
Maltezecross
T/F If you immunize someone against one stage of babesiosis then they are immunized from all of the stages.
False