Infections Diseases

Front 1

Category C Agent of Bioterrorism?

Back 1

emerging pathogens such as Nipah & Hantavirus

Front 2

Category B Agent of Bioterrorism?

Back 2

moderately easty to disseminate, moderate/low morbidty - E Cold 0157, Shigella, Typhus, Cholera, etc

Front 3

Category A Agent of Bioterrorism?

Back 3

Highest risk - anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, etc

Front 4

Trichophyton sp.

Back 4

Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)

"3 toes phyt on"

Front 5

Chlamydia trachomatis causes

Back 5

Female STERILITY and BLINDNESS (opacities of cornea), Reactive Arthritis (Ritter's Syndrom) and maybe heart problems

"Can't See, Can't Pee, Can't Climb a Tree"

Also most common cause of Ritters but it may also be cause by many other bugs

Front 6

What fungus are you most likely to be infected with in the SW US? Ohio River Valley?

Back 6

Coccidoides

Histoplasma

Front 7

How much of an inflammatory response is there in fungal infections?

Back 7

Minimal to none

Front 8

Describe Helminths reproduction patterns

Back 8

Alternate b/w sexual (IN HOST) and asexual (IN INTERMEDIARY HOST/VECTOR) reproduction

NO multiplication occurs in HOSTS, just production of eggs and larvae

Front 9

What is reaction caused by in infection of Helminths?

Back 9

Inflammatory RESPONSE to EGGS or LARVAE

Front 10

Properties of skin that make it a good barrier to infection (3)?

Back 10

1) Dense, keratinized

2) Low pH

3) Fatty acids (inhibit growth of microorganisms except for normal flora)

Front 11

Properties of GI Tract that against infection (6)?

Back 11

1) Gastric Acid

2) Viscous mucous layer

3) Lytic pancreatic enzymes and bile detergents

4) Mucousal anti-bacerial peptides (DEFENSINS)

5) Normal flora

6) MALT -> secred IgA antibodies

Front 12

Properties of Respiratory Tract that against infection (4)?

Back 12

1) Ciliary activity

2) Mucous layer

3) Mucousal anti-bacerial peptides (DEFENSINS)

4) Secreted IgA

Front 13

Microbes less than what size travel to alveoli?

How are they cleared?

Back 13

< 5 micrometers

cleared by MACROPHAGES or PMNs recruited by cytokines

Front 14

Properties of UG Tract that against infection (3)?

Back 14

1) Regular flushing with urine

2) Long distance from bladder to ureathra (women shorter therefore > infections)

3) Vaginal low pH

Front 15

Placental-fetal transmission occurs when? 1)Rubella 2)Syphilis (Treponemea pallidum)

Back 15

1) 1st Trimester - congenital heart disease, MR, cataracts, deafness

2) late 2nd trimester - osteochondritis, periostitis, fibrotic lungs, RASH (palms & soles), hepatomegally; ; Hutchingson's triad

Front 16

Microbaterium & Listeria monocytogenes infect?

Back 16

Macrophages -

Microbacterium - utilizes host's C' Response (alternate pathway) -> Blocks FUSION of phagosome & lysosome

Listeria - used listeriolysin O (pore forming) and two phospholipaes to degrade phagosome membrane for escape into cytoplasm

Front 17

Shigella and E Coli infect?

Back 17

Epithelial cells

Shingella & E Coli - INHIBIT PROTIEN SYN, REPLICATE rapidly and LYSE host cell

Front 18

Salmonella typhi infects?

Back 18

Macrophates AND Epithelial cells

ROSE SPOTS on chest and abdomen

Front 19

Rheumatic fever is caused by?

Back 19

Host Immunity Injury; MOLECULAR MIMICRY

X-RXN b/w Strept pyogenes M PROTEIN with CARDIAC PROTEINS

Front 20

Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Back 20

Host Immunity Injury

Ag/Ab complex deposition (Type III Hypersensitivity reaction)

Front 21

Is Staph Motile?

Back 21

No

Front 22

Herpes stromal keratitis characterized by?

Back 22

Mononuclear cell infiltrates around endothelial cells; neovascularization, scarring, opacification of the cornea and BLINDNESS may occer

Front 23

Herpes epithelial keratitis characterized by?

Back 23

viral-induced epithelial cytolysis

Front 24

Cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) manifestations incldue?

Back 24

Hemolytic anemia,
jaundice,
hepatosplenomegaly,
deafness,
brain damage,
thrombocytopenia

Front 25

What is teh most common opportunistic pathogen in AIDS?

Back 25

CMV

Front 26

What is unique about Hepatitis B amoungst its DNA viral counterparts?

Back 26

Hepatitis B's DNA genome is synthesized by REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION of an RNA template

-lack of proofreading fxn causes high mutation rate

Front 27

Cellular injury of Hep B stems from?

Back 27

BODY'S IMMUNE RESPONSE, not cytopathic effects of the virus

Front 28

Koilocytosis is? Caused by?

Back 28

Perinuclear vacuolization of epithelial cells

HPV

Front 29

What is unique about to Listeria monocytogenes amoungst GP baceteria?

Back 29

Protection against infection is meiated by IFN-GAMMA secred by NK and T cells

Front 30

Describe response to Nocardia infection?

Back 30

Suppurative response w/ central liquefaction and surrounding granulation and fibrosis but NO GRANULOMAS DEVELOPE

Front 31

How do IFN-gamma activeated Macrophages kill becteria?

Back 31

via Nictric Oxide synthase - bactericidal NO

Front 32

What region of the lung does secondary TB infect?

Back 32

Apex

Front 33

TB in HIV depends on the extent of immunosuppression

>300 CD4 cells similar to?

<200 CD4 cells similar to?

Back 33

>300 ~ Secondary TB

<200 ~ Primary Progressive TB (usually caused by lack of TH1 response -> can lead to Miliary TB)

Front 34

Are papules of Syphilis painful?

Back 34

No

Front 35

Are papules of Chlamydia painful?

Back 35

No

Front 36

Are papules of Chancroid (Hemophlous ducreyi) painful?

Back 36

YES!

Front 37

Granuloma Inguinale different from chancroid because?

Back 37

1) Granuloma Inguinale have no/little regional node involvement

2) Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasi - mimics cancer

Front 38

Hutchinson Triad caused by?

Back 38

Congential Syphilis (treponema pallidum)

1)deaf
2)blind
3)notched incisors

"hear no evil"
"see no evil"
"taste no evil"

Front 39

Abscesses consist of?

Back 39

Mixed baceria flora w/ 2.5 species of bacteria, 1.6 of which are anaerobic & 0.9 of which are aerobic/facultative

Front 40

Head & Neck abscesses consist of?

Back 40

Prevotella, Porphyromonas, S aureus & S pyogenes

Front 41

Abdominal infections consist of?

Back 41

Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, & Clostridium, & facultative E Coli

Front 42

Lemierre Syndrome caused by

what is it?

Back 42

Fusobacerium necrophorum

An infection of the LATERAL PHARYNGEAL SPACE with septic jugular vein THROMBOSIS

Front 43

How does Tetanus toxin cause spastic paralysis?

Back 43

Blocks the release of GABA(NT that is responsible for inhibiting motor neuron activity) - cause by exotoxin Tetanospasmin

Front 44

Explain C difficile's toxicity mech

Back 44

Toxin A - stimuates chmokine production

Toxin B - (used in DIAGNOSIS) causes cytopathic effects

Front 45

Borrelia genus is what class of bacteria?

Back 45

Spirochetes

Front 46

Name 4 different symptoms of various Chlamydial infections?

Back 46

1) Urogenital infections

2) Conjuctivitis

3) Lymphogranuloma venereum - sporadic genital infection

4) Trachoma - an ocular infection of children

Front 47

Describe Epidemic TYPHUS. From what bacteria species?
Spread by?

Back 47

WIDE RANGE:
From a rash to skin necrosis & gangrene with internal organ hemorrhages

Rickettsia prowazekii

Lice

Front 48

Rickettsia rickettsii causes

Back 48

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Front 49

Candidiasis microscopically seen in what form(s)? Name 3 symptoms

Part of normal flora?

Back 49

1)YEAST - bind to MANNOSE receptor
2)Pseudohyphae - bind to C3 receptor & Fcgamma receptor
3)Hyphae..rarely

1)VAGINITIS (yeast infection) - often from too many antibiotics

2) DIAPER RASH

3) ORAL THRUSH


YES!

ALSO, if invasive, most common fungal cause of ENDOCARDITIS - occurs in setting of IV drug users and prosthetic valves

Front 50

Main threat of Cryptocossus neoformans is?

But starts where?

Back 50

Menigoencephalitis

Lungs - but with little damage


Progression of Lung to CNS kinda like Norcardia

Front 51

Main virulence factor of Cryptocossus neoformans?

Back 51

Capsular polysaccharide

Front 52

Distinguishing Laboratory feature of Cryptocossus neoformans?

Back 52

Negatively stained w/ India ink

Front 53

Aspergillus fungus secretes what main toxin? causes?

Back 53

Aflatoxin (grows on peanuts)

LIVER cancer in Africa

Front 54

What kind of branching do Zygomycetes (Mucor, Rhizopus) produce?

Back 54

RIGHT-ANGLE branching - invade arterial walls, cause necrosis

Front 55

What is the threat of Zygomycetes (Mucor, Rhizopus) in diabetics?

Back 55

Spread of fugus to orbit or brain (RHINOCEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS)

Front 56

Name the 4 different species of malaria

Back 56

1) Plasmodium FALCIPARUM (most severe)

2) Plasmodium VIVAZ

3) Plasmodium OVALE

4) Plasmodium MALARIAE

Front 57

Describe Plasmodium Life cycle

Back 57

SPOROZOITES injected by mosquitoe & invade HAPATOCYTES by binding to THROMBOSPONDIN & PROPERDIN RECEPTORS

Form MEROZOITES and vivax/ovale also form latent liver HYPNOZOITES

Merozoites bind to RBC's surface glycophorin molecules

1)TROPHOZOITES

2)SCHIZONT - form new merozoites

Front 58

How does P. Falciparum cause ischemia? Causes (3)?

Back 58

RBC adhere to small vessel endothelium by binding to VCAM-1, ICAM-1 & CD36

1)Splenic enlargement

2)Liver enlargement

3)Cerebral Malaria (main cause of malarial death in children)

Front 59

What's the key distinguishing feature of Babesiosis? Also how is it different from P. falciparum?

Back 59

TETRADS - "tetrad of babes"

lacks HEMOZOIN pigment; Liver NOT affected

Front 60

What does Trypanosoma cruzi require to stimulate amastigote developement?

What other organism uses requires this mechanism?

Where are clinical symptoms?

Spread by?

Back 60

Requires expose to acidic PHAGOLYSOSOME, therefore elicits ^ cytosolic calcium to promote phagosome-lysosome fusion

Leishmanias


CHAGAS DISEASE:
-Myocardial inflammation, cardiomypathy & arrhythmias
-Colon & Esophageal dilation
-Periorbital Edema


Kissing Bugs

Front 61

Lymphatic Filariasis is cause by what two nematodes?

symptoms range?

Back 61

Wuchereia Bancrofti & Brugia Malayi

Range from asymptomatic micofilaremia to ELEPHANTIASIS or TRIOPICAL PULMONARY EOSINOPHILIA

Front 62

Onchocerca volvulus causes? symptoms?

Back 62

Onchocerciasis

choronic, itchy dermatitis w/ focal darkening or loss of picgemnt/scaling (Leopard/lizard skin)

River BLINDNESS

Front 63

Giardiasis caused by? symptoms?

Back 63

Giardia lamblia

Watery Diarrhea (foul smelling)

"Beaver Shit Fever"

STRING TEST

Front 64

Thyphoid fever caused by? Produces what more than what?

Back 64

Salmonella Typhi

Splenomegaly more so than Hepatomegaly

Abscesses uncommon

Front 65

What is syphilis initially characterize by? Terminally?

Back 65

Primary Syphilis = chancres w/ LymphoPlasmacytic infiltrates & obliterative endarteritis

Tertiary Syphilis (also CONGENTITAL syphilis) have neurologic, cardiovascular problems as well as GUMMATOUS inflammation ( firm and rubbery necrosis; forms amorphous proteinaceous mass with no preserved original architecture)

SYPHILIS = GUMMAS

Front 66

Can E Coli be a congenital infection? What problems does it cause?

Back 66

Yes

None

Front 67

Coin-like, sharply demarcated lesions of the lung are caused by? What is the nature source?

Back 67

Histoplasma capsulatum

Bird droppings (esp from pigeons) -> ALSO causes Cryptococcus ("CryptoCACA")

Front 68

Echinococcus produces what disease?

Back 68

Hydatid disease of Liver, Lungs, or Bone

Front 69

What fungus mimics TB in the lung, involveing tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte system?

Back 69

Histoplasma capsulatum (very small)

Front 70

Narrow-based budding

Back 70

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 71

Broad-based budding

Back 71

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Front 72

Listeria monocytogenes causes?

Acquired how?

Back 72

1) Meningitis in immunocompromised/elderly/young

2) diarrhea and nasea

3) Flu-like symptoms

1)Food-borne (unpasteurized milk/cheeses) or 2)Congenital

Front 73

Burkholderia cepacia is mos often seen in patients with?

Back 73

Cystic fibrosis who have extensive bronchiectasis

Front 74

What's unique about Legionella's infection?

Back 74

HIGH RATIO of MACROPHAGES to Neutrophils

Front 75

Clostridium tetani's mech?

Back 75

cleaves synaptobevin (contains inhibitory neurons like GABA and glycine) preventing the NT's release

Front 76

What bacteria can cause an actue stage of infection causing carditis, meningitis, and migratory arthralgias/myalgias?

Back 76

Lyme disease - Borrelia burgdorferi

Front 77

Dengue fever causes?

Back 77

Hemorrhagic fever, can produce myosistis and bone marrow suppression

Front 78

Hard genital chancre

Back 78

Syphilis (primary)

Front 79

Soft genital chancre

Back 79

Chancroid

Front 80

Acute gastroenteritis virus?

Back 80

Norwalk virus

Front 81

Acute gastroenteritis virus common in children

Back 81

Rotavirus

Front 82

Explosive, watery diarrhea with contaminated seafood

Back 82

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Front 83

What infecs the wall of the urinary bladder or liver and cause severe granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, and calcification?

Transmitted by?

Back 83

Schistosoma hematobium (Nile Valley)

Fresh water SNAILS (trematodes - free swimming cercariae)

Schistosoma hematobium = BLADDER cancer

Front 84

Pipe-stem fibrosis of liver?

Back 84

Schistosoma japonicum

Front 85

Pelvic inflammatory disease may occur from what two organisms?

Does Candida produce vaginitis w/ discharge? PID?

Back 85

1) N. gonorrhea 2) Chlamydia trachomatis

YES. NO

(vulvovaginal candidiasis; NOT sexually transmitted; vulvar itching & burning w/ white plaque discharge

Front 86

Natural host for Toxoplasmosis Gondii?

Back 86

Cat

Front 87

Erythema chronicum migrans

Back 87

The rash often (though not always) seen in the early stage of Lyme disease

Front 88

Trypanosoma cruzi's disease?

Acute symptom?

Chronic?

Back 88

Chagas Disease

Acute: periorbital swelling; fever, posteror cervical Lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly

Chronic: mycarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus

Front 89

Mucocutaneous ulcers caused by? Could reult in?

Back 89

Leishmania braziliensis

Nasal septum perforations

Front 90

Chronic arthritits

Back 90

Lyme disease

Front 91

Myosistis

Back 91

Trichinella spiralis - poorly cooked pig's meat; also PERIORBITAL edame (like Chagas Dz)

Front 92

Diabetic/Burn's patient's fungal infection?

Back 92

Mucormycosis (aka Zygomycosis) - Mucor, Rhizopus, etc

PARANASAL SINUS & vascularized tissue INFECTION -> **THROMBUS!!@@**

Front 93

Rare pulmonary infection that produces small, focal, mixd inflammatory exudates

Back 93

Toxoplasma gondii

however MAINLY known for causing chronic abscessing inflamation in the BRAIN

Can also cause infections Mononucleosis

from Kitty cats..

Front 94

Major cause of diarrhea in infancy? Mech?

Back 94

Rotavirus

Villous destruction/atrophy -> v absorption of sodium and water

Front 95

Only protozoa to cause bloody diarrhea? Mech?

Back 95

Entamoeba Histolytica

lyses epithelium (flask-shaped (teardrop) ulcer

Front 96

Rubeolla associated with?

Back 96

Measels

Front 97

Nocardial infections begin where? Disseminated where?

Most often infects who?

Back 97

Lungs

CNS

Immunocompromised patients

Front 98

Unpasteurized milk/cheese

Back 98

listeria

Front 99

Watery/NONbloody diarrhea from what two protozoa? what two bacteria?

Back 99

1)Giardia lamblia (foul-smelling diarrhea)

2)Cryptosporidium

---------------------

1) Vibrio Cholera

2) E Coli

Front 100

Squamous cell carcinomas see in bladder by what infection?

Back 100

Schistosoma hematobium

Front 101

Pseudomona's virulence factors:

1) exotoxin A

2)exoenzyme S

3)Phospholipase C

4)Iron-containing compounds

Back 101

1)inhibits protein synthesis

2)interferes with host cel growth

3)degrdaes SURFACTANT

4) toxic to endothelial cells

Front 102

Cysticerosis caused by?

Back 102

Taenia solium

Front 103

Vacular invastion occurs with what specific fungal infections?

Back 103

Aspergillus & Mucormycosis (aka Zygomycosis)

Front 104

Bone marrow suppression & Hemorrhagic fever & Rash

Back 104

Dengue fever

DENGUE RASH is characteristically bright red petechia and usually appears first on the lower limbs and the chest

Front 105

Hutchingson's Triad found with what?

Back 105

Congenital Syphilis

because spirocetes crdoss teh placenta in the THIRD TRIMESTER, early still births do not occur

Front 106

Ulcerating lymph nodes surrounded by a rosy rash

Back 106

Yersinia pestis


dont confuse w/ Rosy spots on chest and abdomen for Salmonella

Front 107

Very serious category A agent?

Back 107

Francisella tularensis

causes Tularemia (aka Rabbit fever)

- a life-threatening pneumonia

Front 108

Causative agaent for small pox

Back 108

Variola major

Front 109

Most common example of trematode? Organism?

Method of evation?

Symptoms? Death caused by?

Back 109

Schistosoma. Snails (free swimming cerariae penetrate human skin)

coat themselves in host antigens

Portal hyptertension, severe congestive splenomegaly, esophagial varicies, ascites, pulmonary arteritis/Cor pulmonale & glomerulopathy

S. haematobium = BLADDER CANCER

Ruptured esophagial varices & GI hemorrhage

cause death by GI hemorrhage

Front 110

Where do the amastigotes of Leishmanias proliferate? What is its precusor form called?

Back 110

Macrophages - Leishmanias replicate in these as amasigotes

Promastigote

Front 111

What parasite is often confused with Leprosy? Difference?

Back 111

Leishmaniasis (cutaneous - L. major, aethiopica, mexicana, & braziliensis)

Leishmaniasis DOES ulcerate but leprosy does NOT

Front 112

Name the 2 visceral leishmanias

Back 112

L. donovani & chagasi

Front 113

Are Leishmaniasis intra/extracellular organisms?

Back 113

OBLIGATE intracellular

Front 114

What 2 organisms cause symptoms of periorbital edema?

Back 114

Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas dz) & Trichinella spiralis (trichinosis)