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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meningitis |
Inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord |
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What are the two types of meningitis? |
Bacterial and viral |
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The symptoms of bacterial meningitis: |
-Tirad: headache, fever, stiff neck -Vomiting -Sensitivity to light or pain with eye movement -Convulsions -Drowsiness -Confusion -Progression of illness can cause seizures, coma, and death |
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What are the symptoms of viral meningitis? |
Symptoms are similar to bacterial meningitis but presentation is mild |
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What is the treatment for bacterial meningitis? |
-Can be effectively treated with antibiotics -Drugs to reduce inflammation -Antibiotic treatment tailored to specific bacteria once identified |
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What is the treatment for viral meningitis? |
No specific treatment. Rest, fluids, Tylenol Patients typically recover on won in 7-10 days |
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Encephalitis |
-Inflammation of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem)
-Can result in severe neurological impairment |
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Symptoms of encephalitis |
-Initially a flu-like fever, headache, fatigue, aching muscles -Neurological symptoms progress (confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, memory loss, hemiparesis or weak muscles, abnormal reflexes, involuntary movements, coordination issues, difficulty with speech. -May even progress to coma; death in severe cases |
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Brain Abscess |
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate (i.e. localized collection of pus) in the brain, which is the result of disintegration or displacement of tissue |
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Symptoms of brain abscess |
-Headache -Low grade fever -Vomiting -Vertigo -Malaise (fatigue) -Irritability/ mental status changes -Additional deficits related to area of brain compression |
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Treatment for brain abscess |
Antibiotics/antifungals, shunting, aspiration, excision |
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What are the 3 toxic disorders? |
-Diphtheria -Tetanus -Botulism |
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Diphtheria |
An upper respiratory tract illness secondary to a toxic bacterial infection that affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat |
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Symptoms of Diphtheria |
-Early: thick gray membrane covering throat and tonsils, sore throat and hoarseness, enlarged lymph nodes, fever, chills, trouble breathing
-Progression: trouble swallowing, palatal paralysis
-Advanced: heart and kidney damage as bacteria travels into the bloodstream and nerve damage with weakness or paralysis of the extremities |
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Treatment for Diphteria |
(preventable with immunization) -Antitoxin is given -Antibiotics may be given to clear bacterial infection -Treatment to remove thick gray covering on throat to improve breathing -If severe, throat obstruction may require intubation |
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What is another name for Tetanus? |
Lockjaw |
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Tetanus (Lockjaw) |
A serious bacterial infection that impacts the nervous system leading to painful spasms of voluntary muscles |
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For which disorder do toxins enter through an open wound? Whereby it is carried by the bloodstream to the peripheral ending of motor neurons where it interfere s with the release of neurotransmitters. It also travels to the spinal cord and brainstem. |
Tatnus |
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Symptoms of teatnus |
-Difficult opening the jaw, with spasms and stiffness of the jaw, neck, and facial muscles -Difficulty swallowing -Laryngospasm, airway obstruction, aspiration, brain damage (lack of oxygen) or even death -Muscle stiffness progresses down body and seer muscle spasms -If severe, it may cause muscle tears and fractures |
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Treatment of Teatnus |
(preventable with immunization) -Antitoxin is given -Antibiotics may be given to clear bacterial infection -Wound care/cleansing is essential to remove and prevent growth of spores -Sedatives given to control spasms |
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Botulism |
Rare, serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin produced by clostridium boutinum bacteria |
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Three types of botulism |
-Foodborne -Wound -Infant |
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Symptoms of Botulism |
General: -Difficult swallowing, fatigue, weakness, blurred or double vision, drooping eyelids, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain -Can progress to paralysis of CNS and respiratory failure
Infants: -Constipation, difficult feeding, weak cry, lethargy, hypotonia/floppy movements, breathing problems |
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Treatments for Botulism |
-Antitoxin injections to block the action of the toxin circulating in the blood -Removal of food still contaminating the gut -Treatment/cleansing of wounds -Mechanical ventilation if needed for reparatory issues -Rehabilitation to address speech, swallowing, and motor functions affected |
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(Bacterial/Viral) Meningitis is the most common form of meningitis in the US |
Viral |
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(Bacterial/Viral) Meningitis is less common but more severe |
Bacterial |
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(Bacterial/ Viral) meningitis: begins with bacteria entering the body usually from the nasopharynx; often follows upper respiratory infection |
Bacterial |
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(Bacterial/Viral) Meningitis: -From entry source, the bacteria make their way to the bloodstream -Bacteria then enter the CNS likely through defects in the dura or altered areas of the blood-brain-barrier -Inflammatory reaction is initiated -In response, the meninges swell and exudate forms -Blood flow to brain and CSF flow are disrupted -Intracranial pressure increases and neurological functioning deteriorates |
Bacterial |
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(Bacterial/Viral) Meningitis most often is caused by enteroviruses (spread from person to person through respiratory secretions or fecal contamination)
Other viruses may include childhood viruses, herpes, influenza, HIV |
Viral |
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Praimary cause of Encephalitis |
A virus |
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What is a rare but very serious disorder, causing extensive damage to the cerebral cortex; where the mortality rate is 80%? |
Eastern Equine Encephalitis |
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What is the most prevalent type of encephalitis in the United States? |
St. Louis Encephalitis |
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What is the difference between between meningitis and encephalitis? |
Meningitis is the inflammation of he meninges covering the brain and spinal cord whereas encephalitis is inflammation of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) |
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Which 2 toxic disorders can be prevented with immunization? |
Diphtheria and Tetanus |
