Infection & Disease

Front 1

What are pathogens

Back 1

microbes that infect the body and cause disease

Front 2

Microbes that are rapidly lost are _________.

Back 2

transient

Front 3

What is infection?

Back 3

a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply

Front 4

Microbes on the human body outnumber the human cells at least __ to __.

Back 4

10 to 1

Front 5

The large and mixed collection of microbes adapted to the body are called ________.

Back 5

normal biota (normal flora and commensals also used)

Front 6

What is metagenomics

Back 6

the study of all the genetic material present in an environmental sample, (such as within the body)

Front 7

Sites that harbor a known biota

Back 7

skin & mucus membranes
upper respiratory tract
GI tract
outer opening of urethra
external genitalia
vagina
external ear canal
external eyes

Front 8

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease is ______.

Back 8

a pathogen

Front 9

What is a concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease and divides into one of two groups.

Back 9

pathogenocity

Front 10

What are the two groups in pathogenocity?

Back 10

true pathogens and opportunistic pathogens

Front 11

True pathogens are capable of causing disease in __________ people.

Back 11

healthy

Front 12

_________ pathogens cause disease when the host's defenses are compromised or when they become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them.

Back 12

Opportunistic

Front 13

Term for describing the degree of a microorganism's pathogenocity?

Back 13

virulence

Front 14

Virulence is determined by a microbes ability to
1. ______ itself in the ______.
2. Cause __________.

Back 14

1. Establish itself in the host.
2. Cause damage.

Front 15

What are the steps to a microbe becoming established in our bodies?

Back 15

1. Microbe enters the tissues of the body by a portal of entry
2. Adhesion - attaching to the host
3. Surviving host defenses

Front 16

________ _________ is any characteristic or structure that enable a microorganism to establish itself on or within a host of a particular species and enhance its potential to cause disease.

Back 16

virulence factor

Front 17

Define gnotobiotic

Back 17

Of, relating to, or denoting an environment for rearing or culturing organisms in which all the microorganisms are either known or excluded

Front 18

How many levels are there in the laboratory biosafety level and classes of pathogens established by the CDC? What level is the least hazardest and which is the highest?

Back 18

4 levels, lowest level is 1, highest is 4.

Front 19

What are the 5 portals of entry?

Back 19

the skin
GI tract
Respiratory tract
Urogenital
Pregnancy - mother to baby

Front 20

What does TORCH stand for and who does this apply to?

Back 20

Toxoplasmosis
Other disesases (Hep B, AIDS, & Chlamydia)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes Simplex

Applies to pregnant women passing infection to baby

Front 21

The amount of pathogen (measured in number of microorganisms) required to cause an infection in the host is called ___________

Back 21

infectious dose

Front 22

If the size of the inoculating dose is far in excess of the infections dose, the onset of the disease can be ___________.

Back 22

extremely rapid

Front 23

how do virulence factors contribute to tissue damage?

Back 23

1. exoenzymes secreted by bacteria degrade bonds between host cells
2. exo toxins break down host cells themselves
3. stimulate too much inflammatory response

Front 24

The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry is called _________.

Back 24

adhesion

Front 25

toxigenicity

Back 25

the power to produce toxins

Front 26

Bacteria, fungal, and protozoa pathogens attach most often by mechanisms such as ______, _________, and _____________ or _____________.

Back 26

fimbriae (pili), surface proteins, and adhesive slime or capsules

Front 27

toxinoses

Back 27

The adverse effects of a variety of diseases

Front 28

Viruses attach by means of __________ _____________.

Back 28

specialized receptors

Front 29

toxemias

Back 29

toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (tetanus and diphtheria)

Front 30

Parasitic worms mechanically fastened by _________, ________, and _______.

Back 30

suckers, hooks, and barbs

Front 31

_________ ___________ are a type of virulence factor used by some pathogenes to avoid phagocytes.

Back 31

Antiphagocytic factors

Front 32

_____ are substances that are toxic to white blood cells

Back 32

leukocidins

Front 33

What are ways microbes survive the host defenses?

Back 33

antiphagocytic factors
leukocidins
extracellular surface slime or capsule that makes it difficult to engulf them
some survive inside phagocyte after ingestion

Front 34

How do microorganisms inflict damage on hosts?

Back 34

Through exoenzymes or toxins
or they cause damage indirectly when their presence causes an excessive or inappropriate host response

Front 35

infection stays in one place - called ______

Back 35

localized infection
i.e. boil

Front 36

What are exoenzymes?

Back 36

exoenzyme, or extracellular enzyme, is an enzyme that is secreted by a cell and that works outside of that cell. It is usually used for breaking up large molecules that would not be able to enter the cell otherwise. (With microbes break down or inflict damage on tissues)

Front 37

infection develops in one area and then another infection caused by the same organism develops in a different area

Back 37

Focal infections

Front 38

infection spreads everywhere in the body - called _______

Back 38

systemic infection
i.e.

Front 39

What is a toxin?

Back 39

a specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organims

Front 40

What is toxigenicity?

Back 40

the power to produce toxins

Front 41

infection caused by various microbes

Back 41

mixed infection

Front 42

What are toxinoses?

Back 42

a variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity

Front 43

When an infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe the second infection is called? The first infection is called?

Back 43

secondary infection,
primary infection

Front 44

What are toxemias?

Back 44

toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (tetanus and diphtheria)

Front 45

endotoxins

Back 45

present in the cell, released from micro-org when cell is lysed.

Front 46

name some sign of infection in the blood

Back 46

Changes in the number of circulating white blood cells
leukocytosis
leukopenia
septicemia
bacteremia or viremia

Front 47

exotoxins

Back 47

toxins pushed/secreted out of active cells

Front 48

subclinical

Back 48

asymptomatic, inapparent infections

Front 49

The time from initial contact with infection to the appearance of first symptoms?

Back 49

incubation period

Front 50

define septicemia

Back 50

Septicemia: general state in which microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers

Front 51

latency

Back 51

a dormant state
The microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent disease

Front 52

The earliest notable symptoms of infection appear as a vague feeling of discomfort and lasts a short period. This short period is called the __________ _______

Back 52

prodromal stage

Front 53

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs is called:

Back 53

sequelae

Front 54

define bacteremia or viremia

Back 54

Bacteremia or viremia: microbes are present in the blood but are not necessarily multiplying

Front 55

define reservoir

Back 55

Reservoir: the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

Front 56

What stage is when a microorganism multiplies at high levels, exhibits its greatest toxicity and becomes well established in its target tissue?

Back 56

period of invasion

Front 57

define source

Back 57

Source: the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

Front 58

define carrier

Back 58

an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads ith to others without any notice

Front 59

define "sign"

Back 59

Sign: any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

Front 60

What is the convalescent period?

Back 60

the period of recovery

Front 61

A _________ ________ actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle

Back 61

biological vector

Front 62

define vector

Back 62

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
Majority are arthropods
Larger animals can also be vectors

Front 63

define "symptom"

Back 63

Symptom: the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

Front 64

what actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle

Back 64

biological vector

Front 65

intoxications

Back 65

toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism)
toxin causes the reaction, not the organism

Front 66

what transports the infectious agent without being infected

Back 66

mechanical vectors

Front 67

what are some other nonliving reservoirs?

Back 67

soil,
water,
air

Front 68

define zoonosis

Back 68

Zoonosis: an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
Human does not contribute to the persistence of the microbe
Can have multihost inovvlement
At least 150 worldwide

Front 69

describe noncommunicable diesase

Back 69

does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host
Acquired through some other, special circumstance
Compromised person invaded by his or her own microbiota
Individual has accidental contact with a microbe in a nonliving reservoir

Front 70

what is the best nonliving reservoir?

Back 70

water

Front 71

define communicable disease

Back 71

Communicable disease: when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
Transmission can be direct or indirect
Contagious agent: highly communicable

Front 72

define fomite

Back 72

inanimate object / vehicle

Front 73

what are some examples of indirect transmission

Back 73

food, water, biological products, fomites
contaminated objects - food poisoning, oral-fecal
air - droplet nuclei, aerosols

Front 74

what are the two types of transmission

Back 74

contact transmission
indirect transmission

Front 75

what are some examples of indirect transmission

Back 75

food, water, biological products, fomites
contaminated objects - food poisoning, oral-fecal
air - droplet nuclei, aerosols

Front 76

define nosocomial infection

Back 76

Nosocomial infections: infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay

Front 77

describe universal precautions

Back 77

guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Assume that all patient specimens could harbor infectious agents
Include body substance isolation (BSI)techniques to be used in known cases of infection

Front 78

what are the most common nosocomial infections?

Back 78

urinary tract infections

then, surgical sites

then respiratory

Front 79

what is the causative agent called?

Back 79

etiologic agent

Front 80

define epidemiology

Back 80

Epidemiology: the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations

Front 81

define mortality rate

Back 81

Mortality rate: the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

Front 82

define prevalence

Back 82

Prevalence: the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
Prevalence = (total number of cases in population / total number of persons in population) x 100 = %

Front 83

define incidence

Back 83

Incidence: the number of new cases over a certain time period
Incidence = number of new cases / total number of susceptible persons

Front 84

define morbibity rate

Back 84

Morbidity rate: the number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases

Front 85

endemic occurrence

Back 85

focused in a specific region (of a country) i.e. hanta virus

Front 86

epidemic occurrence

Back 86

widespread occurrence spread between communities

Front 87

sporadic occurrence

Back 87

pops up out of nowhere

Front 88

pandemic occurrence

Back 88

widespread occurance between continents