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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is infection?
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- Invasion of body tissue by pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of toxin, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host
- problem occurs when bacteria enters area that they should not be in |
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What is disease?
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- a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part, or system of the organism
- caused by microorganisms or the structure/function of organs |
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What is colonization?
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- the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiply, but do not cause disease
- Ex.) resident flora on hands, E.Coli in GI tract |
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What is the etiology (or cause) of infection?
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- bacteria
- virus - fungi - parasites (including protozoa) |
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What is the communicable source of transmission for infection?
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- infectious or community-acquired
- transmitted from one organism to another |
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What is the HAI or nosocomial source of transmission for infection?
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- acquired during delivery of healthcare
- doesn't have to be in hospital - most common site if urinary tract, most common organism are E.Coli, Staph aureus, and enterococci - costly |
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What are contributing factors to HAI?
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- #1 is insufficient handwashing
- 2. iatrogenic (infection from some type of procedure - 3. compromised host defenses (suppressed immune system - 4. contaminated equipment |
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What is a local infection vs a systemic infection?
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- Local: wound
- Systemic: infection throughout body |
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What is bacteremia/septicemia?
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- The infection is in the blood
- Septicemia: full-body infection, organs are failing |
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What is acute vs chronic disease?
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- Acute: short-term
- Chronic: lasts longer than 6 mos |
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What is resistant disease?
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- organisms that are resistant to antibiotics
- to prevent resistant strains of bacteria we should stop taking them so much, don't take others' prescriptions, and finish your Rx |
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What are some common resistant microbes?
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- MRSA (CAMRSA): methicillin resistant staph aureus - kills more than AIDs does, common in hospitals
- VRSA: vancomysin resistant staph aureus - VRE: vancomysin resistant enterococcus - PRSP: penicillin resistant streptococcal pnemonia (can also be multi-drug resistant - MDRTB: multi-drug resistant TB - affects the poor, homeless |
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What is a suprainfection?
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- secondary infection caused by opportunistic organisms
- seen a lot in AIDs patients - also seen in ppl taking antibiotics - antibiotics change resident flora and organisms affect mouth/vagina (thrush) |
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Why are newborns susceptible to infection?
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- immature immune system
- important to breastfeed |
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Why are the elderly susceptible to infection?
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- deteriorating immune system
- alterations in structure and function of skin, urinary tract, and lungs - depletion in lymphoid tissue, T-cells and B-lymphocytes - decreased saliva, recession of the gums, poor oral care |
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What characteristics influence a person's susceptibility to infection?
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- age (newborns and elderly)
- heredity - stress (body produces cortisol when you're under stress, anti-inflammatory substance that prevents response to bacteria) - nutritional status - immunizations - personal habits (smoking, ETOH, risky sexual behavior - STI's) - medications, invasive procedures, radiation (decrease blood-forming ability of bones/bodies, decrease WBCs - Pre-existing conditions - recent illness or surgery - weakened defense systems - cultural practices/religion - environmental factors (factories, oil refineries, homeless ppl at risk) |
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What are nonspecific host defenses?
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#1: intact skin and mucous membranes
- protective mechanisms: found in orifices, body structures, phagocytosis, cilia, saliva, etc. - inflammatory response (adaptive response to neutralize pathogens and repair body cells - pain, edema, redness, heat, impaired function) - Fever (stimulates immune system to produce antibodies and T-cells |
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What are specific host defenses?
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- Immune system
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What is immunity?
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Complex biochemical response that resists infection:
1. recognizes foreign invading protein-antigen (bacteria, virus, etc) 2. stimulates production of antibodies to destroy invaders 3. Constantly surveys the body to maintain homeostasis - removes old/aging cells, destroys mutated cells, and looks for "invaders" |
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What is antibody mediated immunity?
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- aka humoral, circulating, or acquired
- involves B cell lymphocytes - Active: host produce own antibodies by natural exposure to antigens (life-long) or artificial antigens given via vaccine (many years) -- body creates antigens - Passive: the host receives antibodies from natural source (nursing mother, lasts 6 mos - year) or artificial - injection of immune serum/antibodies |
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What is cell mediated immunity?
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- aka cellular
- involves T cell lymphocytes - born with set amt of T cells, cannot be given - malnutrition causes decreases in this immunity |
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What are the five cardinal signs of LOCALIZED response to infection?
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1. hyperemia (redness)
2. edema (swelling) 3. heat 4. pain 5. impaired loss of function *open wounds may also include exudate (drainage) |
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What are the five cardinal signs of SYSTEMIC response to infection?
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1. fever, increased metabolic rate
2. increased pulse and respiratory rate if fever is high 3. malaise (weakness, discomfort) 4. anorexia, nausea, vomiting 5. lymphadenopathy (enlarged, tender lymph nodes) |
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What laboratory data would indicate an infection?
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- elevated leukocyte (WBC) count (4500-11000 is normal)
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate: RBCs settle more rapidly in presence of inflammatory process - positive cultures of urine, blood, sputum, wound, etc. |
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What does the sensitivity of an infection reveal?
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- tells you which antibiotic will work, which antibiotics the organism is sensitive to
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What are the stages of the infectious process?
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1. Incubation
2. Prodromal 3. Illness (Acute) 4. Convalescent |
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What occurs during the incubation period of the infectious process?
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- period between the invasion of the microorganism and before the first sign of disease
- varies with the illness |
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What occurs during the prodromal period of the infectious process?
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- characterized by nonspecific feelings of discomfort, malaise, low grade fever, fatigue
- *client is most capable of spreading disease to others - short duration of time |
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What occurs during the illness (acute) period of the infectious process?
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- marked by signs and symptoms that are specific to the type of infection
- fever is often present |
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What occurs during the convalescent period of the infectious process?
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- acute symptoms of infection disappear
- recovery occurs - duration may be longer than expected - can still have relapse very easily |
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What are the components of the chain of infection?
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1. Etiologic agent: depends on number and VIRULENCE of disease
2. Reservoir: where the microorganisms survive, live, and multiply (GI, GU, blood, tissue) ie carriers 3. Portal of exit from Reservoir: the means by which the microorganism leaves the reservoir 4. Method of Transmission: mechanism by which the microorganism travels from the portal of exit to the portal of entry 5. Portal of entry to the susceptible host 6. Susceptible Host: any person at risk for infection |
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What are the three methods of transmission in the infection chain?
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- Direct: touching, biting, kissing, sneezing, coughing, spitting *within less than 1 foot*
- Indirect: Vehicle borne (substance such as blood, handkerchief, tray, rail serves to transport) or vector-borne (animal or insect transports infectious agents) - Airborne: further than 3 feet away |
