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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not normally found
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infection |
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microorganism capable of causing disease ex: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
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Pathogen
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a detectable alteration in normal tissue function
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Disease |
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All practices intended to confine microorganism to a specific location |
Medical asepsis |
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appear suddenly or last a shor time |
acute |
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Occur slowly over a very long period |
chronic |
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Infections that originate in any health care setting |
HAI's (health care associated infection) |
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HAI's are believed to invovle about __ million clients per year |
2 |
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IV's, Catherter UTI, and ventilator pneumonia account for _____ of all HAI's |
2/3rds |
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Infections that originate in HOSPITAL |
Nosocomial infections |
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Nosocomial infections extend hospital time, increase client time away from work, cause discomfort, and even loss of ____ |
life |
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Chain of infection |
Organisim Reservoir Portal of exit Transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host |
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Organism
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•Decontamination
•Educateclients on hand hygiene •Ensurearticles are cleaned correctly before use |
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Reservoir
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EnvironmentalControls
•Dispose of damp linens appropriately •Dispose of urine and feces in appropriatereceptacles •Ensure fluid containers are covered orcapped (Bedside pitchers, suction containers, etc.)Changedressings and bandages when they are soiled or wetEmptydrains when they become full |
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Portal of Exit
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Avoid talking/ coughing/ sneezing over wounds and sterile fieldsCover the mouth when coughingControl/ contain secretions and excretions
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Mode of Transmission
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StandardPrecautions•Use of hand hygiene•Use of appropriate barrierprecautions to protect caregiver from exposure to pathogens•change barriers between eachpatient!!! StandardPrecautions are:•applied to all patients,regardless!•implemented whenever contact withpotentially infectious material is anticipated
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Mode of Transmission
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Isolation Precautions:
•Airborne•Droplet•Contact•Contact Special Enteric•Protective Isolation |
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Prevent infection when infectious agents that are capable of remaining in the air for prolonged periods of time and of being transported in the air for distances of > 3 fttuberculosis bacterium (TB)pandemic influenzameasles
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Airborne
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Airborne Precautions
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•Standardprecautions
•Negativepressure room •Particulatefilter •mask (N95 respirator) •Limitvisitors |
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For organisms that are spread through the air, but are unable to remain airborne farther than 3 feet.
ex. Pertussis (whooping cough)Neisseria meningitisSeasonal InfluenzaBacterial menigitis |
Droplet |
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Droplet Precautions
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•Standard precautions
•Standard mask when within 3 feet of patient •Private room if possible |
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Eliminate diseasetransmission resulting from direct contact with the patient or indirect contactvia intermediary objects (linens, instruments)
ex. •MRSA •VRE •ESBL•Scabies•Woundswith uncontained drainage |
Contact
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Contact Precautions
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Standard precautions
Impermeable gown Gloves |
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To prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea.
Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff.) Hep. A. |
Contact Special Enteric
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Contact Special Enteric Precautions
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Standard PrecautionsImpermeable gownGlovesHand hygiene – soap and water Environmental controls
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Isolation Rooms •for airborne infections (TB, Ch.Pox, Measles)•vents directly outside•air exchanges with outside air, notre-circulated air in hospital |
Negative pressure
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Isolation Rooms
prevent air from hospital from entering room to decrease possibility of introducing infectious agents to patient |
Positive Pressure
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To protect immune-compromised patients from micro-organisms
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Protective Isolation
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Portal of Entry
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•Usesterile technique for invasive procedures •Placeused needles and syringes in sharps containers
•Provideall clients with their own personal care items |
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Breaking the Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host
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•Maintain integrity of clients skin andmucous membranes
•Ensure client has nutritious diet •Educate the public about the importanceof immunizations |
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Risk Factors for Infection
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•Age
•Level of Stress •Nutritional Status •Current Medication Therapy •Surgeries |
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provide protection from all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure; normal body defenses
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Primary Defenses (Non-specific)
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intactskin and mucous membranes
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First Line of Defense
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live on skin and mucous membranesnot pathogenic where they live |
Resident Flora |
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toxic gases
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Chemical Removal
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coughing, sneezing, tearing
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Mechanical Removal
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Fever in children less than 102.2 should... |
not be treated |
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Secondary Defense: (Non-specific) |
Inflammation
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protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to tissues to fight infection
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Inflammatory Response
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Stages of Inflammatory Response
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1. Vascularand cellular response 2.Exudateproduction 3.Reparativephase |
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Signsof Infection Local |
1.Edema 2.Erythema 3.Painor tenderness with palpation or movement 4.Palpableheat 5.Lossof function 6.Wounddrainagertisement |
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Signs of Infection |
1.Fever
2.Increasedpulse 3.IncreasedRR4.Malaise 5.Anorexia,N/V 6.Lymphnodes 7.ElevatedWBC 8.ElevatedESR 9.Culturesshow growth of microorganisms |
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Diagnostic Tests for Infection
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WBC Count
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Urine, blood, sputum, drainage culture |
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Hand hygiene (15-20 seconds) |
when there are known multiple resistant bacteria Before procedures In special units Before scaring for immunocompromised clients |
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Inflamation of the bladder, ureters, or urethra |
UTI |
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Causes of UTI |
immobilization and limited fluid intake, instumentaion of the urinary tract |
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Clinical signs of UTI |
Burning sensation when voiding, urgency, cloudy urine, lower abdominal pain |
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Preventive interventions for UTI |
Adequate fluid intake, eary ambulation, aseptic straight catherterzation PRN, good perineal hygiene. |
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Females are more suspectable to UTI's then men. Guideline to prevent recurring UTI |
Shower instead of bath Wipe front to back Wear cotton rather then nylon Avoid tight fitting pants Avoid use of harsh soaps, bubble bath, powder or sprays in perineal area Void frequently |
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Leading cause of death in hospital |
HAI's |
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HAI's affect what percent of hospital patients |
5-10% |
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PICC line used for long-term intravenous (IV) antibiotics, nutrition or medications, and for blood draws. |
peripherially inserted central catheter |
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Most common HAI's |
Catheter (UTI) Surgical Site Pneumonia Picc Line infection |
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Elderly are at ______ risk for infection |
highest |
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Medications that can increase risk of infection |
Antibiotics Chemo Steroids (anti-inflammatory) |
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UTI is an infection of ____ part of the urinary system |
any (kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra) |
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UTI pathophysiology |
when bacteria enters and multiplys |
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UTI risk factors |
female UT abnormalities Urinary retention Foley Catheter Sexually active |
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Signs/Symptoms of UTI |
Strong percistent urge to void Burning urination Small frequent voiding Cloudy urine (pink) Foul smell Pelvic rectal flank pain CONFUSION (elderly) |
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CSUTI bundle |
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection care kit |
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Hypercarbia |
CO2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood. |
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Chronic hyperarbia patients should be given O2 with caution. Body with chronic high CO2 monitors OXY instead for signal to _______. |
breath |
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A ______ is a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. |
culture |
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A _________ test checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will work best to treat the illness or infection.
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sensitivity |
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A high white blood cell count usually indicates:
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infection
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