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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
growth of microorganisms in body tissue where they are not normally found

infection

microorganism capable of causing disease ex: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Pathogen
a detectable alteration in normal tissue function

Disease

All practices intended to confine microorganism to a specific location

Medical asepsis

appear suddenly or last a shor time

acute

Occur slowly over a very long period

chronic

Infections that originate in any health care setting

HAI's (health care associated infection)

HAI's are believed to invovle about __ million clients per year

2

IV's, Catherter UTI, and ventilator pneumonia account for _____ of all HAI's

2/3rds

Infections that originate in HOSPITAL

Nosocomial infections

Nosocomial infections extend hospital time, increase client time away from work, cause discomfort, and even loss of ____

life

Chain of infection

Organisim


Reservoir


Portal of exit


Transmission


Portal of entry


Susceptible host



Breaking the Chain of Infection: Organism
•Decontamination

•Educateclients on hand hygiene


•Ensurearticles are cleaned correctly before use

Breaking the Chain of Infection: Reservoir
EnvironmentalControls

•Dispose of damp linens appropriately


•Dispose of urine and feces in appropriatereceptacles


•Ensure fluid containers are covered orcapped (Bedside pitchers, suction containers, etc.)Changedressings and bandages when they are soiled or wetEmptydrains when they become full

Breaking the Chain of Infection: Portal of Exit
Avoid talking/ coughing/ sneezing over wounds and sterile fieldsCover the mouth when coughingControl/ contain secretions and excretions
Breaking the Chain of Infection: Mode of Transmission
StandardPrecautions•Use of hand hygiene•Use of appropriate barrierprecautions to protect caregiver from exposure to pathogens•change barriers between eachpatient!!! StandardPrecautions are:•applied to all patients,regardless!•implemented whenever contact withpotentially infectious material is anticipated
Breaking the Chain of Infection: Mode of Transmission
Isolation Precautions:

•Airborne•Droplet•Contact•Contact Special Enteric•Protective Isolation

Prevent infection when infectious agents that are capable of remaining in the air for prolonged periods of time and of being transported in the air for distances of > 3 fttuberculosis bacterium (TB)pandemic influenzameasles
Airborne
Airborne Precautions
•Standardprecautions

•Negativepressure room


•Particulatefilter


•mask (N95 respirator)


•Limitvisitors

For organisms that are spread through the air, but are unable to remain airborne farther than 3 feet.



ex. Pertussis (whooping cough)Neisseria meningitisSeasonal InfluenzaBacterial menigitis

Droplet

Droplet Precautions
•Standard precautions

•Standard mask when within 3 feet of patient •Private room if possible

Eliminate diseasetransmission resulting from direct contact with the patient or indirect contactvia intermediary objects (linens, instruments)



ex. •MRSA •VRE •ESBL•Scabies•Woundswith uncontained drainage

Contact
Contact Precautions
Standard precautions

Impermeable gown


Gloves

To prevent the spread of infectious diarrhea.



Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff.)


Hep. A.

Contact Special Enteric
Contact Special Enteric Precautions
Standard PrecautionsImpermeable gownGlovesHand hygiene – soap and water Environmental controls

Isolation Rooms


•for airborne infections (TB, Ch.Pox, Measles)•vents directly outside•air exchanges with outside air, notre-circulated air in hospital

Negative pressure
Isolation Rooms



prevent air from hospital from entering room to decrease possibility of introducing infectious agents to patient

Positive Pressure
To protect immune-compromised patients from micro-organisms
Protective Isolation
Breaking the Chain of Infection: Portal of Entry
•Usesterile technique for invasive procedures •Placeused needles and syringes in sharps containers

•Provideall clients with their own personal care items

Breaking the Chain of Infection: Susceptible Host
•Maintain integrity of clients skin andmucous membranes

•Ensure client has nutritious diet


•Educate the public about the importanceof immunizations

Risk Factors for Infection
•Age

•Level of Stress


•Nutritional Status


•Current Medication Therapy


•Surgeries

provide protection from all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure; normal body defenses
Primary Defenses (Non-specific)
intactskin and mucous membranes
First Line of Defense

live on skin and mucous membranesnot pathogenic where they live

Resident Flora

toxic gases
Chemical Removal
coughing, sneezing, tearing
Mechanical Removal

Fever in children less than 102.2 should...

not be treated

Secondary Defense: (Non-specific)

Inflammation
protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to tissues to fight infection
Inflammatory Response
Stages of Inflammatory Response

1. Vascularand cellular response


2.Exudateproduction


3.Reparativephase

Signsof Infection




Local

1.Edema


2.Erythema


3.Painor tenderness with palpation or movement


4.Palpableheat


5.Lossof function


6.Wounddrainagertisement

Signs of Infection


Systemic
1.Fever

2.Increasedpulse


3.IncreasedRR4.Malaise


5.Anorexia,N/V


6.Lymphnodes


7.ElevatedWBC


8.ElevatedESR


9.Culturesshow growth of microorganisms

Diagnostic Tests for Infection
WBC Count

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)


Urine, blood, sputum, drainage culture



Hand hygiene (15-20 seconds)

when there are known multiple resistant bacteria Before procedures


In special units


Before scaring for immunocompromised clients

Inflamation of the bladder, ureters, or urethra

UTI

Causes of UTI

immobilization and limited fluid intake, instumentaion of the urinary tract

Clinical signs of UTI

Burning sensation when voiding, urgency, cloudy urine, lower abdominal pain

Preventive interventions for UTI

Adequate fluid intake, eary ambulation, aseptic straight catherterzation PRN, good perineal hygiene.

Females are more suspectable to UTI's then men.




Guideline to prevent recurring UTI

Shower instead of bath


Wipe front to back


Wear cotton rather then nylon


Avoid tight fitting pants


Avoid use of harsh soaps, bubble bath, powder or sprays in perineal area


Void frequently

Leading cause of death in hospital

HAI's

HAI's affect what percent of hospital patients

5-10%

PICC line




used for long-term intravenous (IV) antibiotics, nutrition or medications, and for blood draws.

peripherially inserted central catheter 

peripherially inserted central catheter

Most common HAI's

Catheter (UTI)


Surgical Site


Pneumonia


Picc Line infection

Elderly are at ______ risk for infection

highest

Medications that can increase risk of infection

Antibiotics


Chemo


Steroids (anti-inflammatory)

UTI is an infection of ____ part of the urinary system

any (kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra)

UTI pathophysiology

when bacteria enters and multiplys

UTI risk factors

female


UT abnormalities


Urinary retention


Foley Catheter


Sexually active

Signs/Symptoms of UTI

Strong percistent urge to void


Burning urination


Small frequent voiding


Cloudy urine (pink)


Foul smell


Pelvic rectal flank pain


CONFUSION (elderly)

CSUTI bundle

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection care kit

Hypercarbia

CO2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood.

Chronic hyperarbia patients should be given O2 with caution. Body with chronic high CO2 monitors OXY instead for signal to _______.

breath

A ______ is a test to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection.

culture

A _________ test checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic, will work best to treat the illness or infection.

sensitivity

A high white blood cell count usually indicates:
infection