Infection And Immunity

Front 1

Diptheria is:
Sporulating/ non-sporulating
Anaerobic/aerobic
Gram +ve/-ve?

Back 1

Non-sporulating, aerobic, Gram +ve

Front 2

Diptheria grows in...

Back 2

Upper respiratory tract (throat). NOT in blood

Front 3

Diptheria produces what in back of throat?

Back 3

Greyish pseudo membrane. Produces toxins and limits respiration

Front 4

Diptheria toxins...?

Back 4

Cleave IgA, Cord Factor is toxic for phagocytes, toxin stops protein synthesis - cell death

Front 5

Diptheria vaccine is...?

Back 5

DTaP - Diptheria, tetanus and whooping cough

Front 6

Diptheria treatment?

Back 6

Horse antitoxin, antibiotics (given early)

Front 7

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is: Airborne/ non-airborne?
Slow/fast growing?
Gram +ve/-ve?
Shape?

Back 7

Airborne, slow growing, non-sporing, gram +ve bacillus

Front 8

TB causes damage because of...?

Back 8

Host response. Unable to destroy organism

Front 9

Percent of TB cases symptomatic? Symptoms are?

Back 9

10% symptomatic. Fever, fatigue, weight loss, cough, bloody sputum, death

Front 10

Key part of TB illness...?

Back 10

Caseus necrosis

Front 11

Treatment for TB?

Back 11

Antibiotics for 6-18months, isoniazid, rifampin

Front 12

What are the resistant strains of TB?

Back 12

MDR-TB (Multiple drug resistant)
XDR-TB (Extremely/Extensively Drug Resistant)

Front 13

Effectiveness and type of vaccine for TB?

Back 13

Live attenuated, 0-80% effective. Recent resurgence of TB

Front 14

Gonorrhoea neiserria is..
motile/non-motile?
Gram -ve/+ve?
Shape?

Back 14

Non-motile, gram -ve, diplococcus, human pathogen only

Front 15

How many new cases per annum of gonorrhoea?

Back 15

62million, many asymptomatic

Front 16

Chance for male/ female of getting gonorrhoea after 1 encounter?

Back 16

50% for females, 20% for males. No lasting immunity

Front 17

Gonorrhoea adheres to body by.... on.......epithelium

Back 17

pili, columnar

Front 18

Gonorrhoea rapidly multiples in......of cells, some localised, some......

Back 18

vacuoles, systemic

Front 19

Gonorrhoea binds to.......... resisting complement killing ,......, Undergoes........ variation frequently

Back 19

Gonorrhoea binds to SYALIC ACID resisting complement, killing IgA PROTEASE Undergoes ANTIGENIC variation frequently

Front 20

Gonorrhoea causes in males?

Back 20

urthritis, purulent discharge, dysuria

Front 21

Gonorrhoea causes in females?

Back 21

urethritis or cerviatus, endometriuts, salpingitis (oviduct infection) and pelvic inflammatory disease

Front 22

What is Opthalmia neonatrum?

Back 22

Eye infection of babies born to gonorrhoea infected mothers

Front 23

What is the treatment for gonorrhoea?

Back 23

Single antibiotic injection. Resistance increasing, no lasting immunity and no vaccine

Front 24

Chlamydia is...?

Back 24

A very small bacteria, like a virus

Front 25

Chlamydia has a unique life cycle - 2 forms. Elementary bodies are.... Reticulate bodies are...

Back 25

Elementary bodies are inactive and extracellular
Reticulate bodies are active and intracellular multipliers
Chlamydia differentiates between the two

Front 26

Chlamydia can generally cause?

Back 26

Genital + eye infections and pneumonia

Front 27

In women chlamydia can cause??

Back 27

cervical infection which can lead to increased susceptibility to HIV; infection of the fallopian tubes leading to ectopic pregnancy, PID and infertility. Infection of an infant, due to cervical infection, can cause eye infection and pneumonia.

Front 28

In men chlamydia can cause??

Back 28

Urethral infection leading to painful urination and discharge and reactive arthritis.

Front 29

Chlamydia .... the host immune system. Damage is due to......... of cells.

Back 29

avoids, direct destruction

Front 30

Repeated exposure to chlamydia causes?

Back 30

More severe disease

Front 31

Treatment for chlamydia?

Back 31

Antibiotics, no vaccine

Front 32

MRSA is?
Gram +ve/-ve?
Shape?
Aerobic/ Anareobic/ faculatative?
Fastidious/ non-fastidious?

Back 32

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is Gram +ve, coccus, clutered growth of golden colonies, facultative anaerobe and non-fastidious

Front 33

MRSA causes a variety of disease, some examples are...

Back 33

food borne, scalded skin syndrome, boils, can be catheter borne, post-operative, bone infection, can cause pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, cytotoxic storm

Front 34

MRSA produces...

Back 34

Cell and tissue destroying toxins, capsule and forms biofilms which stick to plastic (catheters)

Front 35

MRSA prevents...

Back 35

opsonisation - binds IgG Fc

Front 36

MRSA antibiotic resistance...

Back 36

encodes mutant penicillin binding protein

Front 37

MRSA is...

Back 37

Difficult to treat but no more virulent that SA.

Front 38

MRSA has a tendency to...

Back 38

Infect younger age group, cause severe skin infections and lethal haemolytic pneumonia

Front 39

Treatment for MRSA includes...

Back 39

Vancomycin, but resistant strain VRSA.

Front 40

What drugs work against VRSA?

Back 40

Zyrox and Syneraid. No vaccines.

Front 41

Clostridium difficile is?
Gram +ve/-ve?
shape?
Anaerobe/ aerobe?
Sporulating/ Non-spoulating?

Back 41

C. difficile is gram +ve rod, strict anaerobe, spore forming. Resistant to disinfectants.

Front 42

C. difficile can cause?

Back 42

Mild self-limiting diahorrea, severe diahorrea and abdominal pain, life threatening pseudo-membraneous colitis (inflammation and necrosis of the colonic mucosa)

Front 43

C. difficile infection is caused by?

Back 43

Disruption of the normal flora

Front 44

Symptoms of C. difficile are due to? (first toxin)

Back 44

Toxin A (enterotoxin). Haemotactic factor for neutrophils release cytokines - cause hypersecretion of fluid and haemorrhagic necrosis

Front 45

Symptoms of C. difficile are due to? (second toxin)

Back 45

Toxin B (cytotoxin) destroys cytoskeleton of affected cells resulting in cell death. Toxin A -ve and B +ve strains still cause disease.

Front 46

Emergence of new C. difficile ribotype.... causes?

Back 46

Ribotpye 027, epidemic strain, increased severity, mortality and relapses

Front 47

Treatment of C. difficile?

Back 47

Discontinuation of implicated antibiotic; therapy with vancomycin or metronidazole; probiotics; faecal transplants

Front 48

Prevention of C. difficile?

Back 48

Vaccines under clinical trials, but elderly most at risk - impact of vaccine toxin on gut may be problem

Front 49

Control of C. difficile?

Back 49

Patient isolation, hygiene measures, hospital surveillence and control measures.

Front 50

Salmonella is?
Motile/ non-motile?
sporing/ non-sporing?
Gram +ve/-ve?
Shape?
Aerobic/ Anaerobic/ Facultative?

Back 50

Motile, non-sporing, gram -ve rods, facultative anaerobes, >2000 serotypes

Front 51

S. typhi causes?

Back 51

Typhoid fever - NO animal host

Front 52

Salmonella is food borne/ poisining? Animal source?Examples of species names (2)?

Back 52

Salmonella that causes food poisoning is from an animal source e.g. S. enteriditis, S. typhimuriam

Front 53

Salmonella causes what symptoms?

Back 53

Fever, diahorrea, vomitting, abdominal pain. Lives in food animals GI tract. Usually causes local enteritis, but sometimes goes into bloodstream.

Front 54

Cause of salmonella infection?

Back 54

Cross contamination, improper cooking.

Front 55

How does Salmonella cause disease?

Back 55

Toxins not clearly demonstrated. Invades mucosal surface in intestine. Facultative intracellular parasites. Bacteria passes through mast cells then taken up by macrophages, in which salmonella multiples and lyses the macrophage. Once recovered usually cease to secrete organism, but some people become carriers.

Front 56

Important part of Salmonella pathogenicity island?

Back 56

Injector

Front 57

Salmonella causes damage by?

Back 57

Inflammation causes damage, which causes diahorrea. Villi essentially get destroyed, stopping fluid absorption. Salmonella survives in macrophages.

Front 58

Campylobacter is?
species?
Aerobe/ microaerophile/ anaerobe?
motile/ non-motile?
Gram +ve/-ve?
Shape?

Back 58

C. jejuni is a microaerophile, slender, motile, Gram -ve curved or spiral rods.

Front 59

Does Campylobacter cause animal disease?

Back 59

Colonises poultry, but cause no animal disease.

Front 60

How do humans get infected by Campylobacter?

Back 60

Meat is infected at slaughter. Virulence is associated with the flagella.

Front 61

What is the greatest cause of acute diahorrea in man?

Back 61

Campylobacter

Front 62

Are Campylobacter zoonotic?

Back 62

Yes - aqcuired from animal via food (or direct contact). Facultative intracellular parasites.

Front 63

How does campylobacter cause disease?

Back 63

Invade mucus membranes of gut and produce cytotoxins responsible for tissue damage and inflammatory diahorrea.

Front 64

Vibrio cholerae is?
Gram +ve/-ve?
shape?
flagella?

Back 64

Disease of war and natural disaster. Gram-ve, motile, curved rods, 1 flagella.

Front 65

How does V. cholerae cause disease?

Back 65

Sits on surface of illeal epithelium and produce toxins which cause disease. Associated with contaminated water e.g. Ganges.

Front 66

Father of epidemiology?

Back 66

John Snow - 1847, cholera, water pump story

Front 67

How high is transmission of infective agents? Animal disease too?

Back 67

Only human disease, transmit 10^12 organisms per day with diahorrea.

Front 68

Where does v. cholerae live?

Back 68

Lives in salt and fresh water, forms biofilms.

Front 69

Are most people symptomatic? What types of cholera are there?

Back 69

Most people are asymptomatic but can still shed organism. Number of types - O1 serotype, classic biotype and El Tor biotype and new 0139 serotype.

Front 70

Incubation time? symptoms? treatment?

Back 70

Incubation time - 2-3days. Profuse watery diahorrea 1L/hour. Death due to hyperbolemic shock and multiple organ failure. Use cholera cot and bucket. Rehydrate by drip/ oral salt solution which MUST have glucose in it.

Front 71

Infective dose of cholera? colonisation depends on? toxin production?

Back 71

INfective dose of 10^9-10^11 required. Colonsation depends on motility, production of mucinase (protease) and TCP adhesion. Toxin is A/B subunit encoded by CTX phage. Receptor for toxin is colonisation factor TCP. Toxin hijacks second messenger signalling system.

Front 72

Additional cholera toxins?

Back 72

Zot: Zonula occludens toxin - affects intracellular tight junctions
Ace: accessory cholera toxin - causes increased transmembrane ion transport.

Front 73

Immunity to cholera?

Back 73

Surface Ag required to prevent infection. Killed whole cell vaccine poorly effective. New oral vaccines better for for stimulating mucosal activity. WC/B - heat killed and formalin killed cells of various serotypes and biotypes and B unit of cholera toxin. Live attenuated vaccine - A subunit gene deleted.

Front 74

Shigellosis is?
motile/ non-motile?
Gram +ve/-ve?
Species and severity?

Back 74

Dysentry, non-motile, Gram -ve rods, S. sonnei usually mild, person to person disease; S. flexneri, S. boydii more severe - travellers diahorrea; S. dysenteriae most severe - pandemic.