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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Infection
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Invasion of the body tissue by a microorganism and their proliferation there
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Assymptomatic
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Microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease
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Disease
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A detectable alteration in normal tissue function
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Chain of Infection
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-Infectious agent: microorganism
-Reservoir: the normal location for the pathogen -Portal of exit from the reservoir: -Mode of transportation: Direct (physical) and indirect (ingestion) contact, air and dust, fomites, arthropod (bites) and accidental (needle sticks) inoculation. -Portal of entry: GI tract, blood and blood derivatives, respiratory tract, wounds -Susceptible host: |
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Natural Immunity
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-Nonspecific response to a foreign invader
-Physical barriers: skin, mucus membranes, chemical |
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Acquired Immunity
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-Specific response to a foreign invader
-Involves the immune system responding to a specific foreign antigen -Includes humoral and cellular response -Acitve or Passive |
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Acitve Acquired Immunity
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-Antibodies produced in the body in response to an infection
-Long lasting -Natural or artificial |
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Natural Active Acquired Immunity
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-Formed in the presence of an active infection: chicken pox, hep A
-Lifelong |
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Artificial Active Acquired Immunity
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-Immunized with vaccines or toxoids and stimulates antibody production
-Lifelong though may require a booster |
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Passive Acquired Immunity
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-Antibodies are produced by another source
-Short acting -Natural (breast milk) or artificial (hep A) |
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Natural Passive Acquired Immunity
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-Antibodies transferred naturally from immune mother to infant at birth or through breast milk
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Artificial Passive Acquired Immunity
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-Immune serum from another source transferred by injection
-Exp: hep A |
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Immunizations
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-Important to health promotion
-Many adults not adequately immunized -Adult immunizations include: *hep B *Influenza *Diptheria/Tetanus *Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) |
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Inflammmatory Response
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-Chemical medications are released in response to tissue injurt or organisms to:
*Control blood loss *Wall of organism *Activate phagocytes *Promote scar formation and tissue regeneration |
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Inflammatory Response
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-Local: redness, swelling, pain, heat, and loss of function
-Systemic: increased body temp, fatigue, increased WBC, and swollen lymph nodes |
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Contact Transmission
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-Prevent transmission of organism through direct or indirect contact
-Herpes, Diptheria, Staph, Hep A, and wound infection -Private room -Glove and gown worn -Door can be open -Direct: skin-to-skin -Indierct: skin-to-object (MRSA, lice, scabbies) |
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Droplet Transmission
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-Prevent transmission of large molecular organisms (>5microns)
-Diptheria, Pertussis, Strept throat, Scarlet fever, Meningitis, Rubella, Influenza, SARS -Private room -3ft distance or wear mask w/glasses -Door allowed to be open -Coughing, sneezing, talking droplets can travel up to 3 feet |
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Responsibilities of the CDC
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-Prevent the transmission of communicable diseases
-Collect data -Updating recommendations -Publishes the Mortality and Morbidity Report -Disease Surveillance -Research |
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Cardinal signs of inflammation
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-Redness
-Pain -Swelling -Heat -Loss of function |
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Four stages of the infectious process
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-Incubation: time between contact and onset of signs and symptoms
-Prodromal period: the period between the earliest symptoms and the onset of a rash or fever -Illness period: the onset of the disease -Convalescent period: recovery phas |
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Airborne Transmission
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-To prevent transmission of small particles (<5 microns)
-Negative air pressure room -Door closed Particulate respiratory mask tight fit (orange) |
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Anti-Infective Agents
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-Treatment and prophylaxis of variuos bacterial agents
-Mechanisms of action: *inhibits cell wall synthesis *alters plasma membranes *inhibits protein synthesis *inhibits synthesis of essential metabolites -Mode of action: *bactericidal or bacteristatic (inhibit new growth) *not active against viruses and fungi -Spectrum: *broad or narrow *divided into categories depending on the chemical similarities and anitmicrobial spectrum |
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Pharmacological Management
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-Antibacterial:
*broadest group -Antiviral: *inhibits viral DNA replication -Antifungal: *inhibits mycotic (fungal) infections |
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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-Caused by a toxin of Staph A. when in the bloodstream in susceptible individuals
-55% of menstrating women -Associated with tampon use |
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S/S and Tx of Toxic Shock Syndrom
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-Sudden fever
-Decreased b/p -Headache -Diarrhea -Red rash on palms of hands and soles of feet -Fluids and antibiotics |
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Stapphylococcal
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-Normal flora of skin and respiratory tract
-Usually nonpathogenic but can cause serious infections -Cause of nosocomial UTI and endocardititis -Pathogenic staph in 30% of health people -Contact precautions |
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Streptococcal
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-Virulent and contagious
-Causes of Scarlet fever, strept throat, and impetigo -GAS |
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Coccidioidomycosis
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-Fungal infection
-Indiginous to San Joaquin Valley -Valley Fever -Inhalation of spores into lungs after rainfall -Rainfall increases growth -Sunlight inhibits growth -Dx is made by skin test -Tx is Amphotercin B -Very toxic -Hypersensitivity reactions -Phlebitis -Renal changes -Hypokalemia -Standard precautions |
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Clostridium Difficele
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-Anarobic Spore forming organism
-Common nosocomial causing diarrhea -Easily spread -Usually starts within 48 hours after antibiotic therapy started -Vancomycin: drug of choice -Contact precautions |
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MRSA
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-Methicillin Resistant Staph
-Contagious form of staph not susceptible to penicillin -Caused by misuse of antibiotics -Requires isolation until 2 negative cultures -Vancomycin drug of choice -Contact isolation |
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VRE
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-Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus
-Gram positive -Normal Flora of GI tract -20 fold increase since 1989 -VRE may serve as a reservoir of genes coded for vanco resistance that can be transferred to staph -Penicillin used but no cure |
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Lyme Disease
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-Multi-system disorder caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi organism carried by the TICK
-Identified in the 1970s -Progresses in stages -Starts with skin lesion and progresses to cardiac and neurological abnormalities |
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Tuberculosis
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-A chronic infection caused by the tubercle bacillus
-Identified in the 1900s -A leading cause of death/responsible for 3 million deaths per year -TB was on the decline until 1985, increased d/t: *AIDS *Homelessness *Poverty *Drug abuse *Alcohol abuse |
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Tuberculosis
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-Droplet nuclei gains into upper lobes of lungs and multiples
-Spread by cough, sneeze, speaking -4-5 weeks without treatment the germs are numerous and spreads to the blood stream -Immune system is stimulated -Droplet isolation |
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S/S Tuberculosis and Screening
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-Fatigue
-Weight loss -Anorexia -Low grade temperature, night sweats, long lasting cough -Screening: *Intradermal Mantoux Test *Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) *Read in 48 hours *Those exposed wil have a + reaction: ~>5mm + HIV + or recent close contact ~>10mm + if from high risk group ~>15mm + for all others *+ skin test does not mean active TB *Sputum is the only definitive Dx *AFB sputum obtained in arm, need 3 consecutive specimens *Chest X-Ray used for screening only |
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Tuberculosis Classification
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-0 = no TB
-1 = TB exposure, no disease -2 = TB exposure, and + PPD -3 = TB disease, + sputum, + skin -4 = History of TB disease -5 = TB suspect (3 months) |
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Tuberculosis Treatment
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-Medications: Rifampin, Isoniazid
-Chemotherapy (medications) -6 months to 1 year -2 months of of daily INH, RIF, ENH -4 months twice daily -up to 1 year of 2 drugs twice daily -Reduces the risk of developing active TB -Recent skin test converter -Pediatric with know close contact -High risk -6 months of INH only |
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Tuberculosis Medications
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-Isoniazid (INH):
*Side effects: peripheral neuritis, hepatoxicity, hypersensitivity, and optic neuritis -Rifampin (RIF): *Side effects: hepatitis, febrile reaction, GI disturbance, peripheral neuropathy, and hypersensitivity -Ethambutol: *Side effects: skin rash, GI disturbances, malaise, peripheral neuritis, optic neuritis -Streptomycin: *Side effects: audiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hypersensitivity -2nd line drugs: *Ethionamide *Capreomycin *Kanamycin *Pyrazinamide *Para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) |
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Hepatitis
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-Infects the liver
-Many people do not have and S/S but may have serious or fatal complications like cirrhosis, liver CA, chronic liver disease -5-10% become carriers -5 types |
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Types of Hepatitis
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-Hep A: fecal/oral
-Hep B: serum -Hep C: non A non B -Hep D: delta -Hep E: enteric |
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Heptatis A
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-Fecal/oral
-Ingestion of contaminated foods -poor sanitation -Day care centers -Incubation: 15-19 days -Vaccine available |
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Hepatitis B
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-Blood and body fluids
-Sexually transmitted -Needles -Incubation: 28-165 days -Vaccine available -10% carrier status |
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Hepatitis C
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-Non A, Non B
-Needle stick -Blood transfusion -Mother to baby -Incubation: 15-120 days -S/S can occur up to 30 years after exposure -No Vaccine |
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Hepatitis D
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-Delta
-Needle sticks -Sexually transmitted -Must have Hep B to get Hep D -Incubation: 21-140 days -High carrier rate -Vaccine for Hep B |
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Hepatitis E
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-Enteric
-Poor santitation -Water -Not seen in the US -Incubation: 15-65 -Unknown immunity |
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Hepatitis Protection
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-Blood borne pathogen
-Universal precautions -Hep B vaccine |
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Causative Organism
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The types of organism that cause infection are bacteria, rickettsiae, viruses, protozoa, fungi, helminths
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Reservoir
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Any person, plant, animal, substance, or location that provides nourishment for microorganisms and enables further dispersal of the organism
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Mode of Exit
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The organism must have a mode of exit from the reservoir. Organisms exit through the respiratory tract, the GI tract, the genitourinary tract and the blood
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Route of Transmission
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Is necessary to connect the infectious source with its new host. Organisms may be tramsmitted through sexual contact, skin-to-skin contact, percutaneous injection, or infectious particles carried through the air
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Carrier
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A person who carries, or transmits an organism and who does not have apparent signs and symptoms of infection
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Susceptible Host
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For infection to occur a host must be susceptible (not possessing immunity to a particlular pathogen)
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Portal of Entry
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Is needed for the microorganism to gain access to the host
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Colonization
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Microorganisms present in or on a host, without host interference or interaction and without eliciting symptoms in the host
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Infectious Disease
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The state in which the infected host displays a decline in wellness due to the infection
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Microbiology Report
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Usually shows:
*the smear and stain *the culture and organism identification *the antimicrobial susceptibility (sensitivity) |
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CDC and OSHA
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-CDC goal: disease reduction
-OSHA goal: reduction of risk exposure -CDC Regulations: optional -OSHA Regulations: mandatory |