Industrialization

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Cornelius Vanderbilt

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American entrepreneur also He built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family and one of the richest Americans in history.

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New York Central Railroad

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a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. Headquartered in New York, the railroad served most of the Northeast, including extensive trackage in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Massachusetts,

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Federal land Grants 1865-1900

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Federal land grants are used by the government to set aside public land that can then be used for any number of reasons. Most land grants today are in the form of conservation projects that can be a government undertaking or a private one. In the past, land grants were used to help fund education projects in each state and improve transportation throughout the country.

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Transcontinental Railroad

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ailroad line built in the United States of America between 1863 and 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska

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Jay Gould

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was a leading American railroad developer and speculator.

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Panic of 1893

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The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year.

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J.P. Morgan

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an American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892

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Bessemer Process

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he first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The process is named after its inventor, Henry Bessemer,

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Andrew Carnegie

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Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and migrated to the United States as a child with his parents.

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Vertical Integration

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microeconomics and management, the term vertical integration describes a style of management control.

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U.S. Steel

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integrated steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe.

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John D. Rockefeller

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American oil magnate. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

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Standard Oil Trust

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predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company

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Horizontal Integration

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the term horizontal integration describes a type of ownership and control. It is a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in numerous markets

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Anti Trust Movement

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body of laws that prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly) and unfair business practices

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Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

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equires the United States federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government.

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United States v. E.C. Knight

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"'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. The case, which was the first heard by the Supreme Court concerning the Sherman Antitrust Act, was argued on October 24, 1894 and the decision was issued on January 21, 1895.

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Laissez – Faire Capitalism

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describes an environment in which transactions between private parties are free from state intervention, including restrictive regulations, taxes, tariffs and enforced monopolies.

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Adam Smith

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Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economics

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Gospel of Wealth

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responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich

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Transatlantic Cable

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a company formed in 1856 to undertake and exploit a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic ocean, the first such telecommunications link.

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Alexander Graham Bell

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was an eminent scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with inventing the first practical telephone.

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Sear Roebuck

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major retail conglomerate formed in 2005 by the merger of Sears, Roebuck and Co. of Hoffman Estates, Illinois with Kmart Holdings Corporation of Troy, Michigan

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Horatio Alger

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was a prolific 19th-century American author, best known for his many formulaic juvenile novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort through hard work, determination, courage, and honesty.

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Railroad Strike of 1877

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began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops

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Knights of Labor

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largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly

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Terence V. Powderly

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born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants.

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Haymarket Bombing

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emonstration and unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square

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American Federation of Labor

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one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was elected president of the Federation at its founding convention

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Samuel Gompers

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an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history