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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Henry Bessemer
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Developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel, taking molten iron and making it liquid, forcing in air to produce better steel
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Thomas Edison
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invented the light bulb and phonograph
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Andrew Carnegie
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Owner of Steel Monopoly; "Gospel of Wealth"
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Henry Ford
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Car-maker; developed the assembly line
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James J. Hill
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Created the Great Northern Railroad
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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Railroad/Shipping monopoly; example of robber baron
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John D. Rockefeller
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Oil monopoly (Standard Oil)
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J. P. Morgan
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Banking monopoly; later purchased Carnegie's steel company, turning into U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901
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Social Darwinism
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Borrowing from Darwin's theory to use genetic heredity as an excuse for poverty; encouraged racism
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Vertical Integration
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Ridding the middle man to reduce cost and charger higher prices against competitors
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Horizontal Integration
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Combining firms into a single corporation; perfected by Rockefeller in the oil industry
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William Graham Sumner
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American sociologist; advocated Social Darwinism
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Gospel of Wealth
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Written by Carnegie advocating philanthropy by the wealthy
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Russell Conwell
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Minister; author of "Acres of Diamonds" (famous sermon given over 6,000 times
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Acres of Diamonds
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- Sermon by Russel Conwell
- idea that anyone can become rich if they took matters into their own hands |
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Horatio Alger
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Author of "rags to riches" stories, such as Ragged Dick
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Ragged Dick
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a character of Horatio Alger's books of a street urchin becoming rich and successful
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Lester Frank Ward
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- opponent of Social Darwinism, arguing for government cooperation in the people's best interest
- wrote "Dynamic Sociology" |
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Henry George
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- Author of "Progress and Poverty",
- came up with Georgism (tax policy developed to encourage effective use of the land), proposed land value tax |
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Edward Bellamy
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Author of "Looking Backward", a social novel about an American future of a completely socialized, equal society
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Knights of Labor
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- Founded in 1869, headed by Terrence Powderly
- First national union, including women and African-Americans - Haymarket Riot |
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American Federation of Labor
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- Founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
- More moderate than KoL, advocating "bread and butter" issues via strikes and collective bargaining |
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Molly Maguires
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- Irish miners' union in Pennsylvania
- Used blackmail and violence to achieve goals against bosses |
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National Labor Union
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- First attempt to federate separate unions into a single national organization in 1866 led by William H. Sylvis
- Included a variety of reform groups that had little to do with labor - Disintegrated and disappeared after the Panic of 1873 |
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Homestead Strike
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- Violent strike at the Carnegie Steel Company near Pittsburgh in 1892
- Culminated in the defeat of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers, the first steelworkers union |
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Pullman Strike
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- Strike in 1894 by laid-off employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company
- Ended when President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troops |
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injunction
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A court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by private individuals or public officals
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IWW
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- Industrial Workers of the World, formed in 1905 by Big Bill Haywood
- welcomed large groups as a big union |
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John P. Altgeld
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- Democratic governor of Illinois who was a strike-sympathizer
- Pardoned three survivors of the Haymarket Riot |
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Eugene V. Debs
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- socialist leader/five-time candidate
- Formed American Railway Union (1893) and helped found IWW (1905) - Led the Pullman Strike (1894) |
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"In Re Debs"
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(1895) Upheld the authority of the federal government to halt a strike (anti-union decision)
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Brooklyn Bridge
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- Built in 1869-83 by John and Washington Roebling
- Earliest use of steel in a suspension bridge, connecting Manhattan to Brooklyn |
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Tammany Hall
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New York's powerful/corrupt Democratic political machine, headed by William M. Tweed
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Thomas Nast
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New York Times cartoonist who forced the leader of Tammany Hall out of power and into jail
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Exclusion Act (Chinese Exclusion Act)
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- In 1882, excluded Chinese from US immigration for 10 years
- first major act of congress to restrict immigration |
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Joseph Pulitzer
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- U.S. newspaper publisher and editor
- 1883 - New York World - developed first American Sunday comics |
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William Randolph Hurst
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- Owner of the NY Journal (Pulitzer's #1 competitor)
- "yellow journalism" |
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Ashcan School
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- A group of United States painters founded in 1907 and noted for their realistic depictions of sordid aspects of city life
- Artists painted beggars and lowlifes, representing the truer America - used dark pallets and many greys |
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Louis Sullivan
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- Father of Modern Architecture
- Designed skyscrapers in Chicago; simplicity of line and form - influenced Frank Lloyd Wright |
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Frederick Law Olmstead
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- Father of landscape architecture
- Designed Central Park of NYC in 1857 |
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Stalwarts
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- Conservative republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling
- opposed all attempts at civil-service reform - unashamed of the spoils system |
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Half-Breeds
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- Republican factor led by James G. Blaine
- opposed the Stalwarts - wanted to reform the patronage system |
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Mugwumps
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E.L. Godkin, Carl Shurz and other Republican reformers who defected from the Republican Party to support Cleveland
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James G. Blaine
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- Secretary of State for Garfield and Arthur
- foreign policy agenda was focused on Latin American relations. - worked to create the Pan-American Union leader of the half-breeds |
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Roscoe Conkling
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- A politician from New York who served both as a member of the House of Representatives and Senate
- was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party (1880) - first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms |
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James A. Garfield
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- 20th president, Republican (1881)
- assassinated 6 months into his term |
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McKinley tariff
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- passed by Congress under Pres. Harrison (1890)
- raised import taxes by almost 50% - led to defeat of Harrison and Panic of 1894 |
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Wilson-Gorman tariff
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- Democratic attempt to lower tariffs (1894)
- ruled unconstitutional due to graduated income tax stipulation |
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Interstate Commerce Act
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- 1887 against "robber barons"
- designed to regulate railroad industry, prohibiting short haul/long haul fare discrimination - required that railroad rates be reasonable and just |
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Bland-Allison Act
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- 1878
- required govt. to purchase and coin more silver - increased money supply & caused inflation |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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- July 14, 1890
- Increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase - Growing complaints of farmers and miners |
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Pendleton Act
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- 1883
- established merit (civil service) system |
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Granger Laws
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- 1871
- IL authorized commission "to establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination" - Grangers throughout West, Midwest, and Southeast convinced state legislators to pass similar laws |
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The Grange
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a social and educational organization where farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century
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Crime of '73
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end of minting silver dollars, to the protest of silver miners
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Munn v IL
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- Supreme Court decided that the 14th Amendment did not prevent the State of Illinois from regulating charges for use of a business' grain elevators
- question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest; it could, if the private company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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- 1890
- outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade |
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Farmers' Alliances
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- founded in late 1970s
- coalition of farmers seeking to overthrow oppression from banks and railroads - nationalization of railroads, abolition of national bank, new sub-treasure for farmers |
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Populist party
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- 1892
- limited appeal towards small farmers due to odds between economic interests of labor and farmers - aims to improve people's ability to influence political process |
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William Jennings Bryan
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- leading American politician
- dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party - "Cross of Gold" speech - Secretary of State for Wilson |
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Chautauqua Movement
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formal adult education movement starting in 1874, developing into traveling lectures and adult summer schools
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Oliver Kelley
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Founded the Grange, or Patrons of Husbandry
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Dingley Tariff
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- 1897
- introduced by U.S. Representative Nelson Dingley, Jr. - raised tariffs in United States to a new high, averaging 46.5% to counteract the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. |
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1900 Gold Standard Act
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abolished bimetallism and made gold the only standard for redeeming money
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Settlement House movement
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- Reformist social movement to interconnect the rich and poor
- establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, with volunteer middle class "settlement workers"; houses provided daycare, education, and healthcare |
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Social Gospel
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A reform movement towards the end of the 20th century that stressed the responsibility of religious organizations to remedy a wide range of social ills related to urban life
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