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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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life in pre-industrial england
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small farms, peasants, farmers, living off land
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agricultural revolution
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stone walls; enclosures around properties, crop rotation, seed drill
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crop rotation
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moving crops to replace and use nutrients in the soil
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Enclosure movement
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farmers buying land, enclosing; it was a barricade
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industrialization
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the development of industries for the machine production of goods
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factors of production
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the resources- including land, labor, and capital- that are needed to produce goods and services.
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Textile inventions
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powerlooms, spinning jenny, water wheel
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factories- origins, conditions, legacy
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set up to house bulky machines that could produce more. first ones powered by water; had to be built near water sources. caused gruesome working conditions, child labor, poor pay.
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Inventions in transportation
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steam engine, steamboat, canals, roads became more paved, railroads
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steam engine
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cheap, convenient source of power. used in mining as early as 1705. james watt improved it by making it faster and more efficient in 1765. used to inspire railroad locomotives.
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urbanization
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the growth of cities and the migration of people into them.
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child labor
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children worked 16 hour days, getting one 40 minute lunch break. days usually started at 5 am and ended at 11 pm. children were often whipped if they stopped working to rest.
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middle class
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social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.
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Laissez-faire
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the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses.
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Adam Smith and capitalism
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an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit. strong supporter of this idea, helped it take form.
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socialism
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an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
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communism
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an economic system in which all means of production- land, mines, factories, railraods, and businesses- are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally.
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proletariat
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the 'have-nots', or workers.
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utilitarianism
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the theory, proposed by jeremy bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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union
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voluntary associations for workers so they could press for reforms.
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collective bargaining
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negotiatons between workers and their employers, engaged in by unions.
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strike
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refusing to work for a cause
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combination acts
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1799 and 1800: outlawed unions and strikes. repealed in 1824
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AFL
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American Federation of Labor. several unions that joined together.
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Factory act
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law that made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old. children 9-12 couldnt work more than 8 hours a day. 13-17 not more than 12 hours.
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mines act
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passed in 1842, prevented women and children from working underground.
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ten hours act
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passed in 1847, limited work hours to 10 hours a day for women and children who worked in factories
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