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493 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A1 ACGIH
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Confirmed human carcinogen
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A2 ACGIH
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Suspected human carcinogen
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A3 ACGIH
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Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
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A4 ACGIH
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Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
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A5 ACGIH
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Not suspected as a human carcinogen
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ACGIH - Excursions
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Excursions are concentrations above the TLV and are permitted as long as they are balanced by concentrations below the TLV such that the eight-hour TWA is less than the TLV
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ACGIH
Sensitizer (SEN) |
Formaldehyde, flour dust, and Glutaraldehyde
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ACGIH
Short-term exposure limit (STEL) |
–Contaminant concentration averaged over a 15-minute period ACGIH
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ACGIH
Skin notation |
Indicates substances for which there is the potential for substantial contribution to exposure via adsorption through the skin
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ACGIH TLV -inhalable
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Anywhere in respiratory tract
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Flanged Hood Equation
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Hood aspect ratio- If ratio >5 use Silvermans equation not Dalla Vals
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ACGIH
Ceiling |
Instantaneous concentration; or concentration averaged over a 15 minute period
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ACGIH
TLV Respirable |
Gas exchange
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ACGIH
TLV Thoracic |
Deposition in lung airways
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Cascade Impactor
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A sampling device used to determine the particle size distribution. Particles are separated and deposited on a series of stages that correspond to different aerodynamic diameters.
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Catalyst
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A substance, usually present in small amounts compared to the reactants, that speeds up the chemical reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
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The law stating that the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the pressures exerted by each component gas.
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Hood Capture Velocity
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The air velocity at any point in front of the hood or at the hood opening necessary to overcome opposing air currents and to capture the contaminated air at that point by pulling it into the hood.
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Hood Static Pressure
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The static pressure in the duct immediately downstream from the hood.
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Interception
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The process whereby a particle moving in a gas stream is offset slightly from directly impacting a moving or stationary obstacle or target. As the particle tries to move past the obstacle, the obstacle intercepts (and collects) the particle
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Manometer
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An instrument used for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases. An open-tube manometer consists of a U-shaped tube that usually contains a liquid such as mercury or water. One end of the tube is open to the atmosphere and the other end of the tube is connected to the container where the pressure is to be measured.
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Mass Median Particle Diameter
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The particle diameter at which half the particulate mass is composed of particles larger than this diameter and half the mass is composed of particles smaller than this diameter
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Minimum Transport Velocity
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The minimum gas velocity that must be maintained to keep the contaminant from settling out of the gas flow stream and building up deposits in the ductwork.
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Pulse Jet Fabric Filter
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A type of filtration system that uses a short duration pulse of compressed air injected on the "clean side" of the filter media to routinely clean the filter media. Pulse jets are one of the most common types of filtration systems.
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Radionuclides
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Radioactive isotopes resulting from the fission of heavy nuclei of elements such as uranium and plutonium,
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Reynolds Number (Gas)
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A dimensionless number corresponding to the ratio of the fluid inertial force to the fluid viscous force in a flow system. It is used as an index for turbulence.
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Terminal Settling Velocity
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The velocity of a falling particle when the gravitational force downward is balanced by the air resistance (or drag) force upward.
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Troposphere
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The lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere, which rises to a height of approximately 7.5 miles (12 km). Air masses, fronts and storms reside in this layer.
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Venturi Scrubber
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A type of wet scrubber that is usually highly efficient but requires a large amount of energy to operate. (Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices.) In venturi scrubbers, a scrubbing liquid is introduced into the gas stream, which then passes through a contracted area of the scrubber at a high velocity creating a high dispersion of fine droplets. These fine droplets capture the gaseous and particulate pollutants.
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Inhalable
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100 microns
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Thoracic
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10 microns
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A primary standard
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is used for calibration of flow meters'
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Absorption
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Solubility
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Activated carbon-
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non polar surface
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Activated charcoal impregnated with iodine
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Mercury vapor is best adsorbed by
this method |
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Adsorption-
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Media surface electromagnetic forces
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AIHA
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AIHA accredits laboratories
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Asbestos- measure total dust, not just resp. it is all harmful.
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Measured as total dust
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Asbestos Counting
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Oil and paper disappear leaving fibers to be counted.
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Atomic absorption
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metals
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Atomic Absorption
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Requires that you know the elements you are looking for.
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Beers law
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Many compounds absorb ultraviolet (UV) or visible (Vis.) light.
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Benzene ring
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Phenol toluene
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Burette-
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Primary standard- requires no calibration!
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Carbowax
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A suitable liquid phase for the gas chromatograph being used for benzene determination is Carbowax.
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Carbowax
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used for many hydrocarbon analyses.
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Cellulose
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Cellulose is hydroscopic- not good for humid days.
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Chromatography
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A Flame Ionizing Detector consists of a hydrogen/air flame and a collector plate. The effluent from the GC column passes through the flame, which breaks down organic molecules and produces ions.
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Gas chromatography
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Gas chromatography is a method for separating substances in a mixture and measuring the relative quantities of substances.
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Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
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A method for identifying substances and testing the purity of compounds.
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Thin layer chromatography
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Uses a thin, uniform layer of silica gel or alumina coated onto a piece of glass, metal or rigid plastic.
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CO measurement
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Electrochemical sensor for CO measurement
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Hopcalite-
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Carbon monoxide detection
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Critical orifice
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Limits flow, mass flow directly proportional to upstream pressure
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Critical orifice
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Density and humidity affect critical orifice.
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Quenching is associated with:
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Arsine Gas Exposure
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Fiberglass sample
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Total dust
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CO measurement
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Electrochemical sensor
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Fibrous dust monitor- direct reading of dust
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Direct reading of dust
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Ficks law
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Passive diffusion
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FID (Flame Ionizing detector)
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Used for gas chromatographic analysis.
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Gas chromatography
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A separation technique. Detector required to quantify amount of each Analyte
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Gas chromatography- separate by boiling point.
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Separate by boiling point.
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Geometric mean
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Geometric mean is always less than or equal to the arithmetic mean
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Glacial acetic
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Glacial acetic acid should be stored as flammable.
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Hot Wire
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Poison or inactivated by silicon vapors
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Hydrogen peroxide
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Oxidizer
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Inertial impaction
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The particle strikes a stationary obstacle (e.g., surface in respiratory system) directly in its path and is removed from the air.
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Inhalable
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Materials that are hazardous deposited anywhere in resp. tract 100 microns
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IR Exam
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IR exam for breathing air for Mercury. CO2 and hydrocarbons absorb in IR region.
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High performance Liquid Chromatography-
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Uses liquid at pressures
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Mercury analyzer-
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Gases or vapors which absorb UV diminish UV light which Is measured by a photoelectric cell at the opposite end of tube.
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Midget Impinger Flow rate
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Flow rate .1 CFM
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MIG welding
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Produces Ozone and UV and very little fume.
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What is MIG?
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MIG stands for metal inert gas. In stick welding the flux on the electrode melts and forms a gas to shield the puddle from the atmosphere. The atmosphere has hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases that will cause weld defects if allowed to get into the weld pool.
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MIRAN
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Single beam infrared spectrophotometer. Use for compounds such as CO2,CO, formaldehyde, or organic vapors.
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Oxygen meter
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When testing an envt. that exceeds LEL some gas detectors will move quickly to 100% and then drop back to 0.
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Passive monitor-
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Passive monitor- gas reacts detector material
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PID (photo ionization detector)
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Affected by humidity (photo ionization detector)
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Primary Standard
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Accuracy is considered to be ±1% or better
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Primary Standard
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Bubble meter is primary
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Primary Standard
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Buret- Primary standard- requires no calibration
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Primary Standard
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Most common type for field use is the inverted burette (bubble meter),
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Primary Standard
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Spirometer -primary standard --Most accurate
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PVC
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PVC- Gravimetric samples
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Respirable
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Materials that are hazardous when deposited in the gas exchange region. 10 micron
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Secondary Standard
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Accuracy is considered to be ±5% or better
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Secondary Standard
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Dry Gas meter-secondary and Wet test meter
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Secondary Standard
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Must periodically be calibrated against a primary standard
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Silica gel
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Silica gel- polar and dry atmosphere
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Systematic error
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Quality control spiked samples, media blanks, reagent blanks, and field blanks are used to determine systematic errors, errors stemming from the basic procedures being used by the laboratory. Random errors are evaluated by the measure of variability (i.e., standard deviation or coefficient of variation) of the results of identical samples
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Thoracic
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Materials deposited within the lung airways- 25 microns
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Total dust
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Total dust air samples are collected on tared 5-µm pore size, 37-mm diameter polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters
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Welding fumes
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Welding fumes- Respirable no cyclone required.
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Combustible
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Flashpoint greater than or equal to 100
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Flashpoint
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Min. temperature that will produce a vapor conc. High enough to propagate a flame when a source of ignition is present.
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Halgenated Hydrocarbons
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Hyrdrocarbons with at least on substituted halogen (F,Br, Cl, I)
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Ideal gas
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Ideal gas occupies 22.4 lliters at STP. This comes fromm PV=nRT
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What is considered Incompressible?
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Liquids (water) are relatively incompressible, while gases are highly compressible.
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LEL
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Min. conc. of a material in air that can be ighnited.
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Biosafety
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Biosafety- CDC regulates
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Biosafety level 1
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Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment
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Biosafety Level 2
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Similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment. Hepatis B and salmonella.
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Biosafety Level 3
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s applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
TB |
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Biosafety level 4
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Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease. Viral hemorrhagic fevers
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Byssinosis
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"brown lung disease" or "Monday fever", is an occupational lung disease caused by exposure to cotton dust.
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Gram-positive bacteria
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Gram-positive bacteria are characterized by their blue-violet color reaction in the Gram-staining proceduret
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Legionnaires Disease
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Caused by bacteria-
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Commensalism-
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Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped.
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Mutualism
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Relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals derive a benefit.
Example- Humans and E. Coli. in digestive system. |
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Fungi-
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Fungi- growth depends on moisture, temperature and nutrients
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Fungi-
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produce spores
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Fungi- levels
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typically higher outside than inside
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Indoor fungal contamination,
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air samples- only conducted after the formation of hypothesis of biological agents.
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Fungi Control
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Building design- Controlling ground water around foundation.
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Farmers lung
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Farmer's Lung is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay. However, dust from any moldy crop--straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco--can also cause Farmer's Lung.
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Gram Negative
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Gram neg- violet washed out and replaced by red safrin dye
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Mold
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Aspergillus is a genus of around 200 molds found throughout much of nature worldwide.
Among most Toxic |
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Mycoses
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Mycoses- Disease caused by fungi
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Water
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Water is considered an incompressible fluid, that is, its density does not change with pressure
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Isokentic
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When stack flow is equal to probe velocity. Sampling probe is aligned with stack flow directioin. If probe flow velocity is >stack flow velocity, underetimate. If probe flow is < stack, overestimate
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Impactor
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Type of sampling device when particles are traveling at high velocity. Particles hit a flat surface at 90 degrees and are removed from the air.
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Stack sampling
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Sampling from an exhaust stack at a velocity that is lower than the prevailing stack flow velocity leads to a sampling bias that is positive due to oversampling large particles
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SCBA
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IDLH requires harness and lifelines
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Venturi scrubber
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Impaction of particles
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Abduction Abduction is defined as movement away from the central axis of the body.
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Abduction is defined as movement away from the central axis of the body.
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Adduction
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Adduction- movement toward central axis or midilne
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Anthropometric Design
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Whenever possible, design a work area to include adjustability to accommodate the 95th percentile male and the 5th percentile female neutral postures.
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Age
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Age of worker has least affect of on development of CTD.
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Carpel tunnel
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Carpal Tunnel- median nerve compression.
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Carpel tunnel
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The tendons travel through this opening that facilitate making a fist. The Median Nerve, which is one of the three major nerves to the hand also runs through this opening.
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de Quervain's tenosynovitis
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is a condition that causes pain on the inside of the wrist and forearm just above the thumb
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de Quervarains tensosynovitis
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the sheath of the tendons on the thumb side of your wrist becomes inflamed or swollen, restricting the tendons' movement.
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Desk height
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Desks used for typing should be adjustable in height through range of 600-70mm.
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Elbows
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Elbows at 90º and below mid torso.
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Epicondylitis
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Epicondylitis:tendonitis effecting vulnerable unsheathed tendons of the elbow,shoulder
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Ergonomics
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The study of man at work
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Foot controls
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Avoid foot controls for standing work- it shifts weight
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Lifting
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Bending at the waist should be avoided. Objects to be lifted should be located between knuckle and shoulder levels. Avoid placing loads on the floor.
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Normal line of site
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Normal line of sight is 10-15 inches below horizontal plane
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Pinch grip
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Pinch grip most stressful of hand positions. Gripping 1.75 diameter handles on the side ofbox creates least amount of stress.
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Position of monitor
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Monitor height should be set such that the top is in line with your eye level
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Position of monitor
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Monitor height should be set such that the top is in line with your eye level
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Power grips
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Power grips recommended for a diameter of 1-2 inches.
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Pronation
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Turning the palm down is called PRONATION
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Sitting pressure
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On average, sitting erect places 50% more compressive force on the spine than standing in a comfortable, erect posture.
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Supination
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Turning the palm up is called SUPINATION
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Tendonitis
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Tendonitis non-specific dull aching, discomfort with specific movements, tenderness to the touch force/tension, repetition a form of tendon inflammation when muscle/tendon unit is repeatedly tensed
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Tenosynovitis
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Tenosynovitis non-specific pain, inflammation extreme wrist deviation, repetition @ 1500-2000 movements per hour repetitive-induced tendon injury involving the synovial sheath; sheath produces excess synovial fluid
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Trigger finger
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Trigger Finger: tendon sheath of finger sufficiently swollen to lock tendon in sheath
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vision
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Most important sensory for decision making-
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Fan Law CFM
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Varies directly with the RPM
(CFM 1 / CFM 2 = RPM 1 / RPM 2) |
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Static Pressure
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Varies with the SQUARE of the RPM
(SP 1 / SP 2) = (RPM 1 / RPM 2)2 |
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Fan Law Horse Power
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Horse Power
Varies with the CUBE of the RPM (HP 1 / HP 2 = (RPM 1 / RPM 2)3 |
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Backward inclined centrifugal or axial fan
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Should be selected for small amount of smoke or dust, -
Backward curved blades most efficient. |
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Centrifugal fans
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Work horse of dust.
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Enclosing hoods
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Are hoods surrounding the process or point where the contaminants are generated. Examples of completely enclosed hoods (all sides enclosed) are glove boxes and grinder hoods.
The enclosing hood is preferred whenever possible. |
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Receiving Hood/Canopy Hood
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These hoods are designed to "receive" or catch the emissions from a source that has some initial velocity or movement.
Canopy best for heated materials. |
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Capturing Hood
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These hoods are located next to an emission source without surrounding (enclosing) it. Examples are a rectangular hood along the edge of a tank
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If a duct is completely blocked at the point where it connects to the hood the static pressure in the duct would?
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The velocity pressure will be equal to zero
VP is this pressure that causes the air to move at a given speed. |
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Fume hoods
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Should be equipped to give visual and audible alarms of conditions of low or no flow. Hoods should always be on
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Laser Class 1 Class I.A
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A special designation that is based upon a 1000-second exposure and applies only to lasers that are "not intended for viewing" such as a supermarket laser scanner
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Directional
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The beam is directional, that is, it does not spread out or diverge much with distance from the source.
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Joules
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Radiant energy of laser is measured in Joules
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Sample line
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Can introduce interfering compounds into air stream. Can remove some of the contaminants from airstream through condensation, absorbtion, or reaction with sample train components.
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Amperometric Cell
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Element is sometimes includded in a combustible gas indicator to detect percent oxygen.
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Carbon monixide
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Portable Electrochemical sensor
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Charcoal Activated
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Carbon is extremely porous and has a non-polar surface. It adsorbs molecules to it's surface readily. When bathed in a nonpolar solvent such as carbon disulfide the adsorbed molecules are easily removed into solvent.
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Chromic Acid
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PVC filter for sample
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Combustible Gas meter
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Only for flammable substances, ie Petroleum solvents
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Electrostatic sampling
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ESD creates a strong electrostatic field close to a grounded plate causing bioearols near the device to be charged and pulled onto the plate giving the effect of a medium volume air sampler without the need for a mechanical fan.
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Emergency response monitioring Readings should be taken downwind, across the dispersion area and the fenceline
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Should be taken downwind, across the dispersion area and the fenceline
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Emergeny response instruments
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Calibrated before and after use
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Explosimeter
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An explosimeter is a device which is used to measure the amount of combustible gases present in a sample. The device operates on the principle of resistance proportional to heat, and a sample of the gas is introduced to the hot wire. Combustible gases burn in the presence of the hot wire.
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Halide meter
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Use for refrigerents as CFC
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Heat of Combustion
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Explosimeter, combustible gas indicator, vapor tester. Cause oxidation to take place.
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Mercery vapor
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Mercury Vapor could revolatize from activated charcoal alone. When iodine is present the mercury is converted to Hg2I2 which is not volatile
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Ozone meter
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Chemiluminescence
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photoionization detector (PID)
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The response from a PID is nonspecific, i.e., the instrument cannot tell what gas it is responding to.
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Welding fumes
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Sample inside helmet
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STEL
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A STEL is defined as a 15 minute TWA exposure which should not be exceeded-ever.
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MIRAN
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Infrared analyzer. Could be used for natural gas leak, where other gases are present, since it can determine levels of methane independent of other gases.
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Test Tubes
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SEI - Tubes accurate to +- 35% at one half exposure limit and +- 25% at one to five times the exposure limit.
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Monitoring Emergeny response instruments
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Calibrated before and after use
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1,000
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A,B and C response curves all cross at 1,000.
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OSHA 85 dB
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Employer needs to administer hearing conservation program at 85 dB.
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0 dB difference
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add 3 dB to the high value
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1,000 Hz
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Frequency most likely to result in permanent damage-1,000 to 4,000 Hz
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100 Hz
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100Hz sound pressure level measured at A,B and C
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1-1.5 dB difference
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add 2.5 dB
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2-3 dB difference
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add 2 dB
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3 db
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3 db minimum noticeable difference
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3.5 to 4.5 dB
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add 1.5 dB
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The initial geometric-mean frequency for an Octave Band Analyzer?
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31.5 Hz
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4,000 HZ
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4,00Hz you would see loss on employees audiogram.
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90 dB
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90 dB hearing protection required to be worn
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4,000 Hz
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When person exposed to high noise levels a change in hearing is loss of hearing at 4,000Hz.
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5 to 7 dB difference
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add 1 dB
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500-2000 HZ
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Speech occurs in the 500-2000Hz range.
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7.5 to 13 dB difference
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add 0.5 dB
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Absorption
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A sound absorption coefficient of 0.6 means that 40% of the sound energy in the wave will be reflected and 60% absorbed.
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Limit of Hearing Loss Before Compensation
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25 dB at 500,1000 and 2000 Hz
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Accelerometer
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Accelerometer- used to measure vibration
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ACGIH 88 dBA
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4 hours max daily exposure.
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ACGIH limit exposure to 80 dBA.
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ACGIH recommend 24 hours
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ACGIH C-weighted peak of 140db.
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ACGIH recommends no exposure of an unprotected ear in excess of a C-weighted peak of 140db.
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ACGIH TLV calls for a 3 dB exchange rate.
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ACGIH TLV calls for a 3 dB exchange rate.
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ACGIH max acceleration of (Hand arm vibration)
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12 meters/second squared (Hand arm vibration)
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Decibel Addition
To add individual sound levels the equation to add these is: LT = |
10log(10L1/10+10L2/10+10L3/10+…+ 10Ln/10)
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Altitude
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If altitude is greater than 10,000 feet corrections made to measurements.
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AMA hearing loss
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25 dba hearing loss at 500, 1000 and 2000
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AMA loss 25 dB
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Limit of hearing suggested by AMA before comp awarded- 25 dB loss at 500, 100and 2,00Hz.
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ANSI recommends Sound level meter
with: |
Octave band filters to check audiometric booths.
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ANSI has standards for following:
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Octave band analyzers, sound level meters and audiometers.
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ANSI type 2 sound level meter has accuracy range of :
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+- 2 dBA.
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B-frequency
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weighting is intended to approximate ears response to sound levels 20-55 db
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Forward curved centrifugal blades
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Have low tip speeds and are quietest.
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Bones of the ear
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3 bones - ossicles- malleus, incus and stapes. – Where sound is amplified.
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Center Frequency
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Center frequencies of octave band most closely correlated with human speech are 500, 1000 and 2000Hz.
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Cochlea
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Cochlea cells which vibrate and transmit electrical impulses to brain along nerves.
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Cochlea
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Cochlea is in inner ear- Hair Cells
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Conductive hearing loss
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Any condition in the outer or middle ear that interferes with sound passing to the inner ear is classified as a conductive hearing loss.
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Continuous noise
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Continuous noise- when occurrence of sound is greater than 1x/sec
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When distance doubles 2x
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Results in change of 6 dB.
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flulike symptoms, dyspnea on exertion, confusion, lethargy, dizziness,
hyperbaric oxygen for treatment |
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
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B-frequency
|
weighting is intended to approximate ears response to sound levels 20-55 db
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Quietest fan blades
|
Forward curved centrifugal blades have low tip speeds and are quietest.
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Bones of ear
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3 bones of ossicles- malleus, incus and stapes. – Where sound is amplified. (OMI)
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Inner ear
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Inner ear mechanical energy mechanical energy turned to electrical energy.
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Jack Hammer
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Jack Hammer- Vibration of 1-125 Hz, White finger disease.
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Man exposed to 75 dB for years, at 55 audiogram would show
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Increased loss with higher frequencies.
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Low fence State compensation boards use low fence for hearing disability because:
|
because not disabling.
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Low fence in hearing
|
Low fence is min. threshold level at which hearing impairment begins.
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Max daily exp ACGIH 88 dBA for 4 hours is the ACGIH maximum daily noise exposure.
|
88 dBA for 4 hours is the ACGIH maximum daily noise exposure.
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microbar
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One microbar= .1 N/m2
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High performance liquid chromatography Fluorescence spectroscopy.
|
High pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC) is a form of column chromatography used to separate, identify, and quantify compounds.
.PCBs, Herbicides, insecticides, phthalates, and isocyanates |
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Fluorescence detector:
|
Measures emissions of light by fluorescing elements
For analyzing organic compounds. |
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MASS Spectrometry
|
Separates substances based on the MASS of the molecule.
Used for: VOCS, PAH, Herbicides, Insecticides |
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Atomic EMISSION Spectroscopy
|
Method of chemical analysis that uses the intensity of light EMITTED from a flame, plasma, arc, or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an element in a sample.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
|
Technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample.
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X-ray Fluorescence
|
is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.
Widely used for elemental analysis particularly in the investigation of METALS |
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Examples of photoreactive chemicals:
|
coal tar distillation products, such as creosote, pitch Arsenic trioxide, coal tar pitch, sunlight and ionizing radiation, can damage the skin cells so that abnormal cell growth results in cancerous change of the exposed skin.
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90- Krypton
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Nuclear Fission
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Farmer's Lung.
|
is an allergic disease usually caused by breathing in the dust from moldy hay. However, dust from any moldy crop--straw, corn, silage, grain, or even tobacco--can also cause Farmer's Lung.
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Raynaud’s Syndrome
|
Vibrational White Finger
Disorder of blood circulation in the fingers Cold can aggravate condition |
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Computer Work Station
|
Eye level to top of monitor
Monitor screen perpendicular to windows |
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Most toxic forms of Arsenic are
|
As(III) and As(V); inorganic forms
Arsine is AsH3, which is organic |
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PPE Permeation
|
Diffusion through intact material
Permeation Rate = mg/cm2/minute = mass of chemical per surface area per time |
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Workers in metal smelting-heat stress-shielding, do not use fans because
|
it is above 95 degrees
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Mold in building being torn down…what do you do?…clean it, leave it or remove it prior to building being torn down to reduce exposure
|
Remove
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Legionnaires
|
Caused by Legionella pneumophila
Thrives in warm, moist environments (25○ to 45○ with an optimal temp around 35○) Lesser form known as Pontiac Fever |
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Tuberculosis
|
Tuberculosis
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Histoplasmosis
|
Caused by Histoplasma capsultam
Found in soil and material contaminated with bird or bat droppings Acute symptoms are cough or flu-like Chronic symptoms resemble Tuberculosis |
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Hantavirus
|
Transmitted through rodent urine, droppings, or saliva.
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Enzyme inhibitors
|
Molecules that interact in some way with the enzyme to prevent it from working in the normal manner. There are a variety of types of inhibitors including: nonspecific, irreversible, reversible - competitive and noncompetitive. Poisons and drugs are examples of enzyme inhibitors.
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
|
vapors with a specific density of 2
sink because they are heavier than air. Contain one or more benzene rings. Ex. Toluene, Phenol, Xylene. |
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|
What heavy metal promotes good health
|
Sources of natural dietary chromium includes: whole grains, nuts, broccoli, and green beans.
Chromium |
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Noise Directivity Factors
List all 3 |
DI = 10 log Q
Q = 1 for a sphere Q = 2 for a 1/2 of a sphere Q = 4 for a 1/4 of a sphere (like at the base of a wall) Q = 8 for a 1/8 of a sphere (like in the corner of a room) |
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Calibration
Pre and post calibration must be within ____% |
±5%
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Four Mechanisms for Particle Deposition in the Lungs
|
1) Inertial Impaction
2) Gravitational Settling 3) Diffusion - Brownian Motion 4) Electrostatic Forces |
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Metal Fume Fever
|
Primarily caused by Zinc (Zinc Oxide)
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Tritium
|
t½ = 12 years
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Optical Density
|
OD = log (Io/I)
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Parathion and Malathion
Health affects |
Organophosphate
Accumulation of acetylcholine Cholinesterase levels in blood Effects CNS Use Atropine to treat |
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DDT, Chlordane, Aldrin, and Kepone
Organochlorines - health affects |
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Stored in body fats Non-polar and lipid soluble |
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Konimeter
|
device for estimating the dust content of air gives -MPPCF counts
Impingement on coated slide |
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OSHA Violation
|
An employer can contest with 15 working days
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Nepholometry
|
Related to turbidity measurement
|
|
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Heat Stress Temperatures to Remember
|
Normal body temp = 98.6
Average skin temp = 95 |
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"A solid-particle aerosol formed by mechanical disintegration of a parent material, such as by crushing or grinding" is the definition of what?
|
Dust
|
|
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Threshold level for noise dosimeters
|
The level at which the dosimeter will integrate noise into a measured exposure.
A threshold is the level at which a personal noise dosimeter begins to integrate noise into a measured exposure. Most current dosimeters have a threshold level of 80 dBA when measuring either the TLV or OSHA PEL. |
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Concentrate toxicants
|
Both the liver and kidney have a high capacity to bind toxicants and consequently concentrate them.
|
|
|
Blast gates
|
are used to balance the resistance to air flow in different ducts.
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|
|
Combined exposure limit can be calculated if:
|
–Components have similar toxicological effects
–Combined effect is assumed to be additive |
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|
Particle sizes of an aerosol are typically
|
log-normally distributed
|
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|
Examples of diseases
|
Silica—Silicosis
–Asbestos—Asbestosis –Coal Dust—Coal workers pneumoconiosis –Beryllium—Berylliosis and chronic beryllium disease |
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|
Non-repairable fraction (>10 μm AED)
|
Can be breathed into nose or mouth, penetrate head airways, and enter lung airways
|
|
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Repairable fraction (<10 μm AED)
|
–Can penetrate beyond terminal bronchioles to gas exchange region
|
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|
STP (standard temperature and pressure)
|
–0°C and 760 mmHg
(32°F and 29.92 inHg; 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 liters @ STP) |
|
|
NTP (normal temperature and pressure)
–25°C & 760 mmHg; 77°F and 29.92 inHg; 1 mole of any gas occupies 24.45 liters @ NTP |
–25°C & 760 mmHg;
77°F and 29.92 inHg; 1 mole of any gas occupies 24.45 liters @ NTP |
|
|
Mig welding produces ;
|
Ozone and UV and very little fume.
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|
Flammable
|
-A liquid with a flash point below 100F (Source: 29 CFR 1910.106)
-A liquid with a flash point below 141F (Source: DOT) |
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Combustible
|
-A liquid with a flash point at or above 100F but below 200F
-A liquid with a flash point at or above 141oF but below 200F |
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Breakthough
|
if 10% or less of the amount of the contaminant collected on the front section is found on the back section,breakthrough has probably not occurred.
If greater than 25% is detected, breakthrough is probable and the results should be reported as the minimum amount present. Between 10%-25%, be suspicious. |
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|
Hot Wire -
|
Poisoned by silicon or - inactivated if vapors only 1-2 PPM
|
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|
OSHA method to measure asbestos m
|
standard 25 mm filter with 50 mm ext.
|
|
|
Count asbestos- > than?
|
5 um in length
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OSHA HOURS
16 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 |
OSHA LIMITS
85 90 95 100 105 110 115* --- |
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|
OSHA
|
* No exposure to continuous or intermittent noise in excess of 115 dB(A).
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|
|
Crystalline silica
|
one of the most serious and prevalent health hazards found in foundries.
|
|
|
For respirable dust containing quartz,
this calculation is as follows: |
10 mg/m3 / %SiO2 + 2
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|
Petroleum industry exposure to:
|
Chemical agents-
hydrogen sulfide, acids, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, nickel carbonyl, and elemental mercury |
|
|
Hydrogen sulfide is :
|
an irritant to the
eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Higher concentrations can effect the nervous system and lead to asphyxiation by paralyzing the respiratory system. |
|
|
Aromatic hydrocarbons such
as benzene, toluene, and xylene are characterized by the presence of : |
benzene ring;
|
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|
Elemental mercury symptoms of exposure include:
|
It targets the central nervous system to produce tremors and psychic disturbances.
Some first symptoms of mercury poisoning may be pain on chewing and gingivitis and loosening of teeth. |
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|
photoionization detector (PID).
|
Provides part-per-billion sensitivity of VOCs.
The response from a PID is nonspecific, i.e., the instrument cannot tell what gas it is responding to. |
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|
OSHA Citation
|
Employers may contest within 15 days
|
|
|
organophosphorus pestide
|
Muscle Twitches
|
|
|
Half-mask air-line (continuous flow)
Half-mask air-line (pressure demand) Full-face piece air line (pressure demand) SCBA (pressure demand) |
50
1000 2000 10,000 |
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|
Ames test :
|
biological method for measuring the mutagenic potency of chemical substances.
|
|
|
Nitric acid ;
|
will oxidize oils and potentially cause a fire
|
|
|
Why does water pressure increase with depth?
|
water exerts more force per unit area
|
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|
Blast gates are used to:
|
Balance the resistance to air flow
|
|
|
Laser (1-500 milliwatts) is what
class? |
Level III
|
|
|
Chromium +3 and +6
|
Most hazardous forms of chromium
|
|
|
4 STEL exposures each day-
How many exposures in between? |
60 minutes in between
|
|
|
What is difference between a chemical cartridge respirator and gas mask?
|
Amount of carbon
NIOSH test method Approved chemicals |
|
|
Calculate activity of radon after X days.
|
Number of days of Radon/Half life given
= Number of half lives. |
|
|
Provides the most effective barrier
of dermal absorption. |
Epidermis
|
|
|
tetra ethyl lead exposure symptoms:
(Anti-Knock additive) |
Symptoms of the disease: headaches, nervousness, insomnia, lowered blood pressure.
(Raving mad and confined in straight-jackets) has been documented. |
|
|
Plasma protein bonding has an effect
on passive diffusion. Explain effect. |
Because of their high molecular weight, plasma proteins and the toxicants bound to them cannot cross capillary walls.
Serum Albumin is most important protein in this process. |
|
|
Power Density measured as?
|
(mW/cm2)
When the units of PD are in mW/cm , then PD (mW/cm ) = E /3770. |
|
|
Methylmercury (CH3Hg+) is a neurotoxin, and the form of mercury that is most easily bioaccumulated in organisms. Symptoms
|
Gingivitis/bleeding gums
Inflammation of the gumsColitis Fine tremor Lack of concentration Learning disorders Memory loss, short and long term Numbness Diarrhea/constipation Loss of appetite Weight loss Anger (fits of) Anxiety Confusion |
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|
Effective Temperature includes:
|
temp, humidity and air movement
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Not found in Bacteria.
Mitochondria provide eukaryotic cells with energy. The structure that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus. |
|
|
Arsenic causes following:
|
Granulomas (inflammatory reaction )
|
|
|
Crystalline silica-
Quartz the most common form of crystalline silica causes: |
silicosis-
Silicosis affects lung function, and makes one more susceptible to lung infections like tuberculosis |
|
|
Hydrogen Cyanide:
|
Hydrogen cyanide - common name = Prussic acid) HCN.
Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless, extremely poisonous, and highly volatile. Hydrogen cyanide- chemical warfare agents that cause general poisoning and skin blisters |
|
|
Laser effects in tissue
|
The thermal effect of lasers on biological tissue - resulting from conversion of light to heat,
transfer of heat and the tissue reaction, |
|
|
Beta
|
A beta is a high speed particle, identical to an electron, that is emitted from the nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
Alpha
|
Alpha particles are emitted by radioactive nuclei such as uranium, thorium, actinium, or radium in a process known as alpha decay.
|
|
|
Neutrons
|
Neutral particles that are normally contained in the nucleus of all atoms and may be removed by various interactions or processes like collision and fission.
|
|
|
X rays
|
Electromagnetic waves or photons not emitted from the nucleus, but normally emitted by energy changes in electrons. These energy changes are either in electron orbital shells that surround an atom or in the process of slowing down such as in an X-ray machine.
|
|
|
Alpha
|
Most smoke detectors contain a small amount of the alpha emitter americium-241.
|
|
|
Electrons are the smallest and lightest of the particles in an atom.
|
Smallest and lightest of the particles in an atom.
|
|
|
Strontium-90 decays to:
|
yttrium-90 by emitting a beta particle.
No change in mass number. |
|
|
Laser light is monochromatic, coherent, and collimated":
Same frequency, wavelength and |
all of its energy is focused to produce a small point of intense power
|
|
|
Examples of good neutron shields:
|
Water and many plastics.
|
|
|
Parathion
|
Highly toxic by all routes of exposure.
|
|
|
Hepatitis B vaccine
|
Health care worker required. 1910.1030.
|
|
|
A kata thermometer :
|
It is used to estimate the personal comfort of workers (see also "heat stress monitor" and "person measures the cooling power of the environment; temperature monitor")
|
|
|
The kata thermometer:
|
s a heated-alcohol thermometer; the time it takes to cool is measured and used to determine air current. It is useful for measuring low speeds in studies of air circulation.
|
|
|
Xenobiotics cross placenta by:
|
diffusion
|
|
|
Decay Constant-
|
The radioactive half-life for a given radioisotope is a measure of the tendency of the nucleus to "decay" or "disintegrate"
|
|
|
Pistol Group
|
Vertical Plane
|
|
|
carcinogens
|
Electrophilic- They like DNA
|
|
|
Secular equilibrium
|
Can only occur in a radioactive decay chain if the half-life of the daughter radionuclide B is much shorter than the half-life of the parent radionuclide A.
|
|
|
Transient equilibrium
|
A situation in which equilibrium is reached by a parent-daughter radioactive isotope pair where the half-life of the parent is slightly longer than the half-life of the daughter
|
|
|
Cocarcinogen
|
A substance or factor that will not promote cancer by itself but can potentiate cancer when acting with carcinogenic agents.
|
|
|
Volatility
|
Defined as a measure of how readily a substance vaporizes.
|
|
|
Methylene Chloride
|
Associated with carboxyhemoglobin
levels |
|
|
(MDA) requires that the following information regarding the performance of a survey meter or counting system be known:
|
- The normal background count rate.
- The counting efficiency of the meter or counting system for the radioisotope being measured. - The effective surface area of the detector probe (for portable survey meters). |
|
|
Active Transport
|
Requires Energy
|
|
|
Blowing range of fan is :
|
30 X greater than suction range
|
|
|
Electron capture:
|
During electron capture, an electron in an atom's inner shell is drawn into the nucleus where it combines with a proton, forming a neutron and a neutrino. The neutrino is ejected from the atom's nucleus.
|
|
|
Occupational exposure limit (OEL).
|
An exposure limit that is the lower of the permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value
|
|
|
Permissible exposure limit (PEL).
|
An exposure limit published and enforced by the federal Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) as a legal standard. PEL may be either a time-weighted-average (TWA) exposure limit (eight hour), a 15-minute short term exposure limit (STEL), a ceiling (C), and may have a skin designation.
|
|
|
Threshold limit value (TLV).
|
Recommended guidelines for occupational exposure to airborne contaminants published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs represent the average concentration for an eight-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.
|
|
|
Amperometric Cell
|
Detect oxygen in combustible gas
detector |
|
|
Silica Gel
|
Polar and high moisture affinity
|
|
|
Phase contrast microscopy (PCM)
|
measure the levels of synthetic vitreous fibers
|
|
|
MIRAN
|
Use of infrared spectroscopy provides analyzers with the unique ability to specifically and accurately measure many gases
|
|
|
Electric arc welding
|
Joins pieces of metal that have been made liquid by heat produced as electricity passes from one electrical conductor to another
|
|
|
Convert the following concentration to units of mg / M3
0.3 ppm benzene |
. Benzene C6H6, molecular weight =78.11 grams per mole.
0.3 ppm * 78.11 / 24.45 = 1 mg/M3 |
|
|
Combined exposure=
|
(Exposure / TLV) + (Exposure / TLV)
|
|
|
Molecular diffusion-
|
often called simply diffusion, is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion.
|
|
|
The TLV® for hand-arm vibration range from -
|
4m/s2 for 4-8 hours
12m/s2 for less than one hour. |
|
|
Reynolds number
|
Re>2320, turbulent flow will occur
Re<2320, laminar flow will occur. |
|
|
Storyboarding
|
Process for the initial engagement of individuals, and for assessing and valuating their prior knowledge and expertise on the topic.
|
|
|
Luminance
|
Amount of visible light leaving a point on a surface in a given direction
|
|
|
Luminous Flux
|
Analogous to energy, but reflects the effectivness of the radiation at producing visual sensation.
|
|
|
Lumen
|
Peak of the photopic (light-adapted) eye's sensitivity, 680 lm = 1 W
|
|
|
Illumination
|
measured in foot candles or lux
|
|
|
Ignitable wastes
|
Solid wastes (definition of “solid waste” point less than 60°C (140°F).”
|
|
|
Mercury Vapor
|
Elemental mercury
|
|
|
Innate immunity
|
Genetic immunity
|
|
|
Most important factor affecting the dust collection efficiency in venturi scrubbers
|
Pressure drop
|
|
|
Curie=
|
3.7 X 1010 dps
3.7 X 1010Bq |
|
|
Becquerel
|
transformation per second ~disintegration per second (dps)
|
|
|
ACGIH
|
TLVs are not to be used for: evaluation of community air quality
|
|
|
For sulphur-35, the radiological half life is 87.1 days and the biological half life in the testis is 623 days.
Teff= (TrX Tb)/ (Tr+ Tb) |
TE= 87.1 X 623 / (87.1 + 623) = 76.4 days
|
|
|
The Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
|
Total amount of air the lungs can contain:
TLC = RV + ERV + Vt + IRV The Vital Capacity (VC) |
|
|
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
|
Total amount of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation:
FRC = RV + ERV |
|
|
Velocity =
|
wavelength x frequency
|
|
|
Frequency unit
|
Hertz
|
|
|
Human hearing frequency range
|
20 to 20,000 Hz (young healthy ear)
|
|
|
WHEN THE DISTANCE IS DOUBLED FROM A "POINT" SOURCE, THE SOUND LEVEL DECREASES BY?
|
6 DECIBELS
50 feet = 60 decibels 100 feet = 54 decibels 200 feet = 48 decibels |
|
|
A DOUBLING OF ENERGY YIELDS AN INCREASE OF ?
|
3 DECIBELS
Example: 85 decibels + 85 decibels = 88 decibels |
|
|
THE NOISE SOURCE BEING MEASURED SHOULD BE AT
LEAST ? |
10 DECIBELS ABOVE THE BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEl
|
|
|
A-weighted:
|
"A-weighted" means a specific weighting of the sound pressure level for the purpose of determining the human response to sound
|
|
|
. C-weighting is used during the calibration of sound level meters
|
to insure that the sound level displayed on the meter is invariant of the frequency of the calibrator.
|
|
|
Dose:
|
The amount of actual exposure relative to the amount of allowable exposure, and for which 100% and above represents exposures that are hazardous. The noise dose is calculated according to the following formula:
D = [C1/T1 + C2/T2 + ... + Cn/Tn] H 100 |
|
|
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (1992) states that workers should not be permitted to work when their deep body temperature exceeds ?
|
38°C (100.4°F).
|
|
|
For indoor and outdoor conditions with no solar load, WBGT is calculated as:
|
WBGT= 0.7NWB + 0.3GT
|
|
|
For outdoors with a solar load, WBGT is calculated as?
|
WBGT = 0.7NWB + 0.2GT + 0.1DB
|
|
|
The Effective Temperature index (ET)
|
Combines the temperature, the humidity of the air, and air velocity.
|
|
|
Ventilation, air cooling, fans, shielding, and insulation
|
Major types of engineering controls used to reduce heat stress in hot work environments
|
|
|
Virus
|
No Cell wall
|
|
|
Gram positive
|
Blue
|
|
|
Gram negative
|
Red
|
|
|
Mutualism
|
Benefits both
|
|
|
Symbiosis
|
No harm, no benefit
|
|
|
Commensalism
|
1 beneftis, other neither harmed or benefits
|
|
|
Antigens
|
Substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.
|
|
|
tuberculosis
|
mycobacterium bacteria, spread by
airborne droplets |
|
|
Disinfection
|
reduce number of organisms,
Bacterial endospores are most resistant to disinfectants, however some viruses and bacteria also possess some tolerance. |
|
|
Sterilization
|
Killing and removing
|
|
|
Disinfection
|
Chlorine bleach (a 5% solution of Sodium hypochlorite) which is effective against most common pathogens, including such difficult organisms tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis), hepatitis B and C, fungi, and antibiotic-resistant strains of staphylococcus and enterococcus.
|
|
|
biosafety Level 2
|
Blood, body tissues
|
|
|
Indoor air requirements
|
20 CFM office, based on 7 people per
1000 feet of floor space. |
|
|
Decontamination of blood spill
|
Any household detergent may be used. The intent is to dilute the spilled material, lyse red blood cells, and further remove proteins from the contaminated area.
|
|
|
Universal Precautions apply to:
|
Universal precautions apply to blood, other body fluids containing visible blood, semen, and vaginal secretions.
Universal precautions also apply to tissues and to the following fluids: cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, and amniotic fluids. |
|
|
Universal Precautions to not apply to:
|
Universal precautions do not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine, and vomitus unless they contain visible blood.
Universal precautions do not apply to saliva except when visibly contaminated with blood or in the dental setting where blood contamination of saliva is predictable. |
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These guidelines are relevant only for gross numbers of bacteria and fungi
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Bioaerosals-
Less than 1000 CFU/m3 of any combined species (OSHA in their Field Technical Manual) Wipe Samples Less than 100 CFU/in2 ventilation duct interior surfaces (NADCA) Water Samples Less than 10,000 CFU/mL (OSHA) Bulk Samples Less than 1,000,000 CFU/g (OSHA) |
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Candela
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Luminous intensity
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Boyles Law
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P1/T1= P2/T2
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Standard conditions in IH
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25 degrees Celsius, 1 ATM 760 mm
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Hood static pressure
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Operating static pressure in the duct 2 to 6 duct diameters downstream of the hood. It is negative and is responsible for moving the air.
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Air cleaners are characterized by these three factors:
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1. Pollutants removed by the air cleaner
2. Pressure drop across the air cleaner 3. Filter efficiency |
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Fans are characterized by the following six factors.
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•the fan static pressure (FSP),
•fan total pressure (FTP) •the fan curve (a graph of static pressure versus volume flow rate) •revolutions per minute (RPM) •brake horsepower •the volume of air the fan can move under given conditions |
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Changes in volume flow (cfm) vary directly with changes in fan speed
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Fan Law 1 Q1 / Q2 = n1 / n2
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Changes in static pressure vary directly with the square of changes in fan speed
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Fan Law 2 SP1 / SP2 = ( n1 / n2 )2
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Changes in brake horsepower vary directly with the cube of changes in fan speed
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Fan Law 3 P1 / P2 = ( n1 / n2 )3
n = revolutions per minute SP = static pressure P = power |
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Volume Flow Rate
Q= V x A |
Where:
Q = volume flow rate in cubic feet per minute (cfm) or cubic meters per second (cms) V = velocity in feet per minute (fpm) or meters per second (mps) A = cross-sectional area of the hood opening in square feet |
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The pitot tube can be used to directly measure?
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VP within the duct.
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The pitot traverse method involves collecting VP measurements at specific points across the duct cross-section.
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For round duct, usually 6-10 measurements are made along each of two traverses across the duct, the traverses being at 90° to each other.
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The pitot traverse method involves collecting VP measurements at specific points across the duct cross-section.
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For square or rectangular duct, the cross-sectional area is divided into equal rectangular areas and measurements are made in the center of each rectangle
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Velocity varies with distance from the duct surface, multiplying the measured centerline velocity by ;
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0.9 provides a good estimate of the average duct velocity in a straight duct.
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Cost to Run a Fan
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$Cost/year = (Fan HP)(0.75 kw/HP)(hours of operation/year)($/kw-hr)
Where: HP = fan horsepower kw-hr = kilowatt-hour |
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Baffles
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baffles located inside the hood in the back and top improve airflow uniformity
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Appropriate level of protection for highly toxic through inhalation and dermal exposure
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Level A
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Mean plus 2 STD will estimate-
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97.5% of population.
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Accumulation period for hazardous wastes of large quantity generators
is ? |
90 days.
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Impaction, Sedimentation and Electrostatic attraction ?
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collect aearosol
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Main components of photochemical smog are:
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-nitrogen oxides,
-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), -tropospheric ozone, -PAN (peroxyacytyl nitrate |
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Mig welding produces:
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Ozone and UV and very little fume.
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Flammable
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-A liquid with a flash point below 100oF (Source: 29 CFR 1910.106)
-A liquid with a flash point below 141oF (Source: DOT) |
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Combustible
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-A liquid with a flash point at or above 100oF but below 200oF
-A liquid with a flash point at or above 141oF but below 200oF |
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Primary standards
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⇒ accuracy is considered to be ±1% or better
⇒ most common type for field use is the inverted burette (bubble meter), however, the Dry-Cal is now used extensively ⇒ manual calibration vs. electronic calibration |
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Secondary standards
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⇒ accuracy is considered to be ±5% or better
⇒ most common type for field use is the precision rotometer ⇒ must periodically be calibrated against a primary standard ⇒ pump rotometers are not precision rotometers |
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Hot Wire -
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Poisoned by silicon or - inactivated if vapors only 1-2 PPM
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Bacillus anthracis bacteria spores
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Soil-borne and because of their long lifetime, they are still present globally and at animal burial sites of anthrax-killed animals for many decades; spores have been known to have reinfected animals over 70 years after burial sites of anthrax-infected animals were disturbed.
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Peripheral neuropathy describes :
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damage to the peripheral nervous system, which transmits information from the brain and spinal cord to every other part of the body.
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What is white noise?
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White noise is sound containing all audible frequencies
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What is stereophony?
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The ability to localize the direction from which sound waves are emanating
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Presbycusis-
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natural degeneration inner ear.
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A sound absorption coefficient of 0.6 means
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40% of the sound energy in the wave will be reflected and 60% absorbed.
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OSHA does not issue a citation until dose levels
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are above 133%.
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Speed of sound travels fastest
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in steel.
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Sound is ultrasonic
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if noise is in frequency in excess of 20,00Hz.
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A, B and C weighted network are
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equal at 1,000 Hz.
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Speech frequency is
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500-2,00hz
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Sone-
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measure of Loudness
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Membrane filter
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to collect sub micrometer particles
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methane and ethane
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natural gas asphixiants
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Electrom magnetic
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Ionizing and non ionizing
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CO2
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Simple asphixiant
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LD50 --
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Median Dose toxic to 50% of Test population (usually mg/kg, ug/kg etc.)
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LC50 --
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Dose toxic to 50% of Test population usually an inhalation dose i.e. (quantity) /m3 or ppm
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CATALYTIC SENSORS
COMBUSTIBLE GAS MONITORS How to they operate? |
Test gas or vapor is heated to combustion (burned) and the instrument translates the
resulting increase in temperature/resistance as a percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL). Oxygen (>10%) is required for the catalyticsensor to operate properly |
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CATALYTIC SENSORS
COMBUSTIBLE GAS MONITORS How much Oxygen is needed? |
Oxygen (>10%) is required for the catalytic sensor to operate properly
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SOURCES OF ERROR
CATALYTIC SENSORS |
Poisoning or degraded performance can occur when sensor is exposed to certain compounds such as lead-containing compounds, silicones, sulfur-containing
compounds, and halogenated hydrocarbons. Oxygen deficient environments will cause the instrument to produce erroneous readings. |
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PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTORS
BROAD SPECTRUM VOC MONITORS |
Based on the principle that some chemicals can be ionized when hit with high-energy UV light.
The instrument measures the resulting current which is proportional to concentration of the gas/vapor in air. |
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|
SOURCES OF ERROR
PHOTOIONIZATION DETECTORS |
Non-specific-can not identify specific VOC
Does not detect all VOCs or compounds such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, oxygen Humidity can cause lamp fogging resulting in lower readings Sensor drift |
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HEPA
|
99.97 % efficient
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Asbestos sampled using:
|
Open faced filter cassette
|
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trivalent Arsenic
|
Most toxic form
|
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ACGIH VS OSHA
|
ACGIH - no exposure in unprotected ear C- Weighted 140 dB.
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OSHA
|
Legislative Fiat to train employers and employees,
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The mass median
aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) |
MMAD equals the diameter where particles larger than MMAD contribute half the collected
mass; and those particles smaller than MMAD contribute the other half. The count median aerodynamic diameter (CMAD) is the median of the number of particles in a given particle distribution. |
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|
Butyl rubber gloves and Foil-based gloves
|
Generally provide better protection than nitrile gloves for chemical warfare agents and most toxic industrial chemicals.
A double layer of gloves, made of two different materials, or foil-based gloves resist the broadest range of chemicals. the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) recommends that hospital personnel working with victims potentially contaminated with chemical warfare agents or toxic industrial chemicals wear a combination of chemical protective gloves, such as butyl rubber gloves over inner nitrile gloves |
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Electrostatic precipitator how many volts
|
40,000-70,000 votls
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|
NIOSH adequate supply of profesionals
|
legislative fiat
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Bio transformation reduced when:
|
Maternal liver in pregnancy
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Case control best suited for:
|
Relationship between exposure and
disease. -Outcome is rare -Exposure is common -Long Latency -Time and resources are limited |
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|
Proportional counter
|
300-3000V
Formation of secondary Ions Can distinguish somewhat |
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|
Geiger - Muller Counter
|
1000 Volts
Total avalanche of Ions |
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Scintillation counter
|
Interaction of radiation- emission of light
1 photon for each 200 eV Common for gamma detection |
|
|
ion chamber
|
Alpha and beta
|
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GM tube
|
Beta
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Photelectric Effect
|
Gamma
|
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|
The addition of a flange to a local exhaust ventilation hood can produce ?
|
a large increase in velocity in front of the hood.
|
|
|
>400 degrees at furnace
|
Use fiberous glass filter material
|
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|
Cohort:
|
Designated group of persons who are followed or traced over a period of time Individuals enter a cohort study on the basis of exposure and non-exposure.
– Prospective: disease has not occurred |
|
|
Case-Control Studies
|
Investigator looks backward from disease to exposure
|
|
|
Assigned Protection Factor (APF)
|
outside/Inside Concentration
The level of respiratory protection that a properly functioning respirator or class of respirators would be expected to provide to properly fitted and trained users in the workplace. |
|
|
Synergism
|
From the Greek word "synergos" meaning working together. It refers to the interaction between two or more "things" when the combined effect is greater than if you added the "things" on their own (a type of "when is one plus one is greater than two" effect).
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|
Confined Space Definition
|
1. Has adequate size and configuration for employee entry,
2. Has limited means for access or egress, and 3. Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. |
|
|
Permit-Required Confined Space Definition
|
Permit space means a confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics (OSHA, 1993):
1. Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, 2. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant, 3. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross section, 4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. |
|
|
Health effects that may be manifested by chronic overexposure to benzene?
|
Leukemogenic cancer
|
|
|
The ACGIH Threshold Limit Value for fluoride is primarily intended to guard against:
|
Respiratory tract irritation
|
|
|
Under usual operating conditions, the static pressure at the discharge side of a fan with 10' length of discharge duct will be?
|
Greater than the atmospheric pressure.
|
|
|
Workers in a brass foundry complain of a fever and general malaise on Mondays following a weekend respite from work. You should sampe for?
|
Zinc fume
|
|
|
The radioisotopes 238U, 40K, 226Ra, and 235U have the following in common:
|
Occur in nature
|
|
|
Stack sampling for particulate aerosols is done in an isokinetic manner to?
|
Avoid size discrimination of collected particles.
|
|
|
Minimum number of sound pressure level measurements needed to determine the sound power output from a non-directional noise source in a free field?
|
one.
|
|
|
Too many levels of management, chronic and recurring internal problems, and numerous meetings attended by many people typically symptoms of
|
a flawed organizational structure.
|
|
|
Additivity
|
Most commonly observed type of chemical interaction
|
|
|
Oxidizing agents
|
Can cause serious burns
|
|
|
In a push pull ventilation system, the push nozzle should be directed in which direction?
|
0-20 degrees below horizon
|
|
|
Modifying Factor
|
Incorporates professional judgement
|
|
|
Cocarcinogen
|
Increases the carcinogenic effect when given along with carcinogen.
|
|
|
Ulnar Nerve
|
Does not run through carpel tunnel
|
