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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 examples of connections between religion and the color of Javanese gamelan.
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-dark red, green, dark green, brown, dark brown, gold decorative: same colors used to paint main primary structural pillars- pavilions and buildings
-dark red: Hinduism -yellow/gold: Buddhism -green: Islam (browns represent skin color and earth) celebrates the varied currents of influence, indigenous or foreign, that contribute to culture of Javanese elite |
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archaic Javanese gamelans
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-slight change in instrumentarium
-previously unintended for voice -older tunings are sometimes lower -older gamelans have specific ceremonial functions -reflect standards of the past |
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common practice Javanese gamelans
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-used at any point for performance of large repertoire of Javanese music
-dance, music theater, listening pleasure; incorporates singing |
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names of Javanese gamelans
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should not be thought of literally, but in terms of aristocratic associations they are capable of conjuring.
common words: refinement, beauty, power, military prowess, potency, sensuality, prosperity |
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2 examples of connections between religion and the designs of Javanese gamelan.
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Hindu-inspired mythical creatures: garuda bird- god of Wisdom
mask-like image (yeksa) w/bulging eyes, fangs, tongue-- reminds mortals they will encounter obstacles in life |
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significance of particular Javanese gamelan
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age of gamelan, sultan under whose reign it entered the palace, other stories- fact or lore- contribute to assessment of significance
-material link b/w present ruler and kingdom and historical leaders and kingdoms of Java's past |
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significance of updating/modernizing Javanese gamelan
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maintaining a set's potential to meet current performance expectations is more important to its value than the authentication of each of its elements as being original
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reverence shown toward instruments
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-salute-like gesture: sembah
gesture of obesiance shown to individual of higher social status; before and after musician plays -community members and musicians never stands erect in presence of gamelan, nor steps over, leans on, or rests on instrument believed that the sacredness of the Sultan is felt to permeate the instrements-- high position and spiritual potency |
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ways performers are judged in copetitions described by Rasmussen
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-voice quality
-timing/rhythm/tempo -breath control -good manners -number of melodies sung -choice of opening and closing maqam -rules dealing with sectioning and treatment of text -eloquence/fluency |
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history of transmission of Koran in Indonesia
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oral tradition- starting with 16th century Islamic immigrants
now technology enhances (but d/n replace) process of oral tradition --professional reciters of Indonesia still bear great deal of responsibility of teaching, performing, and preserving Koran in original tradition |
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acceptable times for women to recite Koran
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-class
-tv/radio/tapes -wedding -int'l/national competitions -gov. festivals -conferences -sm. public gatherings NOT CONSIDERED INFERIOR TO MEN -women have figured prominently throughout history in Javanese courts -no use of head voice but uses 2 1/2 octaves (c-C-c-f) -can still be distinguished as female singer despite no use of "feminine" singing styles |
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balungan
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skeleton
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gatra
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phrase w/4 beats
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gongan
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phrase ending with gong- variable beats
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kenongan
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phrase ending with kenong- variable beats
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loud style Javanese
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only metallaphones and drums
NO: rebb, gender, celempung, suling |
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soft style Javanese
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INCLUDES: rebab, gender, celempung, suling, female singers (pesinden)
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3 functions of instruments
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nuclear melody (sarons)
elaboration (higher register instruments) colotomy (gong, kenon, kempul, kethuk) |
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colotomy
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rhythmic punctuation conceived cyclically
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gong ageng
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largest of hanging gongs; suspended from wooden frame
played w/round padded beater |
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kempul
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smallest hanging gong
played w/round padded beater |
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kenong
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largest kettle gong, resting horizontally on wooden frame
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kethuk
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small kettle gong, one for each scale system
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bonang barung
aka bonang |
10-14 kettle gongs resting in two parallel rows on wooden frame
one for each scale system |
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bonang panerus
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smaller member of bonang family, tuned an octave higher, one for each scale system
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saron
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nuclear melodic instrument
exists as a family- like violin/viola played w/wooden hammer |
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chordophones
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rabab-- two string fiddle
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aerophones
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suling-- flute
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membranophones
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kendang
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metallaphones
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hanging gongs, kettle gongs, metal keyed instruments, etc...
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four types of popular balinese music
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gambus
dangdut kroncong jaipongan |
