Indian History

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Narmada:

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earliest people who lived here were skilled gatherers; they knew about the vast wealth of plants in the surrounding forests, and collected roots, fruits for food; also hunted animals.

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where women and men first began to grow crops such as wheat and barley about 8000 years ago;

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Sulaiman and Kirthar hills: currentSindh;

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where agriculture developed; rice was first grown to the north of the Vindhyas.

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Garo Hills & Vindhya:

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Magadha rulers were very powerful, and set up a large kingdom.

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Son, a Ganga tributary:

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Factory Sites

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Factory Sites: places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory sites.

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traces of ash have been found here. This suggests that people were familiar with the use of fire.

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Kurnool Site: current A.P; traces of ash have been found here. This suggests that people were familiar with the use of fire.

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importance is finding of stone tools;

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Paleolithic: ޼$S

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stone tools are generally tiny, and arecalled microliths.

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Mesolithic

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Ostrich in India:

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palaeolithic period; large quantities shells were found at Patne in Maharashtra;

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In _________ people builtpit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them.

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Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir) people builtpit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them.

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Mehrgarh Site

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Located near Bolan Pass [current Balochistan]; most important routes into Iran.

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So first Mehrgarh were ____and later___

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So first Mehrgarh were hunters later theybecame herders.

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life after death was visible in theirburial grounds #:.

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mehrgarh

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Daojali Hading

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This site is on hills near the Brahmaputra Valley Stone tools, including mortars and pestles, have been found indicating they were agriculturalists.

Jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China .

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Harappa

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The part to the west was smaller but higher: citadels

The part to the east was larger but lower: lower town.

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______ had fire altars

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Kalibangan and Lothal had fire altars

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Cotton was probably grown at

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Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago.

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Harappans probably got copper from

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Harappans probably got copper frompresent-day Rajasthan.

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Dholavira was located on

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Dholavira was located on Khadir Beyt inthe Rann of Kutch.

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Dholavira was divided into

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Dholavira was divided into three parts but other Harappan cities 2 parts.

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Lothal stood beside a tributary of

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Lothal stood beside a tributary of the Sabarmati.

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Janapada's were____

Later,Janapadas became _____-

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Janapada's were the earliest gathering places of men, merchants, artisans and craftsmen akin to marketplace or town surrounded by hamlets and village.

Later,Janapadas became the major realms republics or kingdoms of Vedic India.

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Ancient Sanskrit texts like Ashtadhyayi, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and numerous Puranas refer to

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many Janapadas of ancient times

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Mahājanapada

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A Mahājanapada is one of the sixteen kingdoms that existed in ancient India

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The rise of Janpadas is mainly attributed to

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The rise of Janpadas is mainly attributed to the establishment of settled agriculture communities.

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The Northern Black Polished Ware culture is an urban Iron Age culture , succeeding the ________

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The Northern Black Polished Ware culture is an urban Iron Age culture , succeeding the Painted Grey Ware culture and Black and red ware culture.

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Janapadas- people lived in____

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people lived in huts, and kept cattle aswell as other animals.{.

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Janapadas- Special type of pottery found at these sites is known as

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Special type of pottery found at thesesites is known as Painted Grey Ware

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Mahajanapadas- rajas now began

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rajas now began maintaining armies.ody>uH

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use of iron ploughshares..

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Mahajanapadas

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transplanting paddy

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Mahajanapadas

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distinct govt from Mahajanapadas.

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Vajji

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Govt was known as _____ in Vajji and it had ____

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Govt was known as gana or sangha.

Many rulers(1000's)

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kammakaras

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kammakaras [landless agri labourers]

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Vajji rituals could not be attended by

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Women, dasas and kammakaras [landless agri labourers] could not participate in these assemblies.

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Buddha and Mahavira belonged to

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ganas.

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Buddha belonged to a small gana known as

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the Sakya gana, and was a kshatriya

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Buddha taught for the first time at

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Sarnath, near Varanasi, where he taught for the first time.

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Buddha Taught in the language of

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Taught in the language of the ordinary people, Prakrit.

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Vardhamana Mahavira was a

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kshatriya prince of the Lichchhavis, agroup that was part of the Vajji sangha.1

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Mahavira and the Buddha felt that

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only those who left their homes could gain true knowledge.

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rules made for the Buddhist sangha werewritten down in a book called

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the Vinaya Pitaka.

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only time both Buddhists and Jainists stayed in one place was

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only time both Buddhists and Jainistsstayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficult totravel

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Buddhist shelters were called

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shelters were called viharas.

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Megasthenes was an ambassador

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Megasthenes was an ambassador who wassent to the court of Chandragupta.

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Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were in___and were written in the ____ script.

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Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were inPrakrit and were written in the Brahmi script.

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Ashoka appointed officials, known as

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appointed officials, known as the dhammamahamatta who went from place to place teaching people about dhamma.

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Jataka s were stories that were probably composed by

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Jataka s were stories that were probably composed by ordinary people, and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

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pottery later times

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Northern Black Polished Ware.

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shrenis.

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Many crafts persons and merchants now formed associations known as shrenis.

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Shrenis also served as

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banks.

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muvendar.

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Sangam poems mention the muvendar. Thisis a Tamil word meaning three chiefs, used for the heads of three rulingfamilies, the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas.

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Kaveripattinam

Madurai

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Puhar or Kaveripattinam, the port of theCholas, and Madurai, the capital of the Pandyas

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During sangam times-taxes

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The chiefs did not collect regular taxes. Instead, they demanded and received gifts from the people.

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lords of the dakshinapatha

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Satavahana rulers were known as lords ofthe dakshinapatha

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organised a Buddhist council,

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Kanishka

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Buddhacharita

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Ashvaghosha, a poet who composed abiography of the Buddha, the Buddhacharita, lived in his court. He and otherBuddhist scholars now began writing in Sanskrit.

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Mahayana Buddhism developed

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under kanishka

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Distinct features of mahayana buddhism

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(1)earlier, the Buddha’s presence was shownin sculpture by using certain signs. Now statues are made. From Mathura andTaxila.

(2) regarded with belief in Bodhisattvas.Earlier once they attained Enlightenment they could live in complete isolationand meditate in peace. Now they remained in the world to teach and help otherpeople.

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famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrim

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famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrims were Fa Xian

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samantas

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There were military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he needed them. These men were known as samantas.existed from 7th century rashtrakutas

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Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies.

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Pallavas mention a number of localassemblies. These included the sabha, which was an assembly of brahmin landowners.

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Pallavas nagaram

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nagaram was an organisation of merchants

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Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed-gupta age

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Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed theplight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mighty.

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buddha birthplace

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Kapilavastu, Nepal/lumbini

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tarikh (singular) / tawarikh (plural),

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tarikh (singular)/ tawarikh (plural), writtenin Persian, the language of administration under the Delhi Sultansp0

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tarikh (singular)/ tawarikh :objectives

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They often wrote their histories forSultans in the hope of rich rewards

(b) they advised rulers on the need topreserve an “ideal” social order based on birthright and gender distinctions

(c) their ideas were not shared by everybody.

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sultanate consolidating these hinterlands

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forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter- gatherers andpastoralists expelled from their habitat.

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bandagan .

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Rather than appointing aristocrats asgovernors, the early Delhi Sultans, especially Iltutmish, favoured theirspecial slaves purchased for military service, called bandagan .

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iqta

iqtadar or muqti

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Military commanders were appointed asgovernors of territories . This land is called iqta and their holder called iqtadar or muqti. The duty of muqti was to lead military campaigns and maintain lawand order in their iqtas.

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A.Khalji’s

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Alauddin chose to pay his soldierssalaries in cash rather than iqtas. Hemade sure merchants sell supplies to these soldiers according to prescribedprices .

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mansabdars

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Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars – an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank.

The mansabdar’s military responsibilitiesrequired him to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen.

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jagir vs iqta

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Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments – jagirs which were somewhat like iqtas. But unlike muqtis, mansabdars dint administer jagirs, instead only had rights to collect the revenue that too by their servants while manasbdars themselves served in some other part of the country.

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mughal tax system

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zamindars- Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was known as zabt.

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Abul Fazl wrote a three volume history of Akbar’s reign titled, Akbar Nama .

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The first volume dealt with Akbar’s ancestors .

The second recorded the events of Akbar’s reign.

The third is the Ain-i Akbari. It deals with Akbar’s administration, household, army, the revenues and geography of his empire. It provides rich details about the traditions and culture of the people living in India. It also got statistical details about crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

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Akbar’s empire was divided into

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provinces called provinces called subas, governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military functions.

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Subadar was supported by other officers such as

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Subadar was supported by other officerssuch as the

1.military paymaster (bakhshi),

2.the minister in charge of religiousand charitable patronage (sadr),

3.military commanders (faujdars) and the

4.town police commander (kotwal)

5. Each province had a financial officer or diwan.

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ibadat khana

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Akbar’s discussions on religion with theulama, Brahmanas, Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics, and Zoroastrianstook place in the ibadat khana

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sulh-i kul

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Akbar's idea of sulh-i kul or“universal peace”

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trabeate” or “corbelled” design

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trabeate” or “corbelled” design.

Corbelled: roofs, doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns.

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Limestone cement was increasingly used inconstruction during

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mughal times

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Persian court chronicles described the Sultan as

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Persian court chronicles described theSultan as the “Shadow of God”

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hauz-i Sultani

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Sultan Iltutmish [13th century] wonrespect for constructing a large reservoir just outside Dehli-i kuhna. It wascalled the hauz-i Sultani orthe “King’s Reservoir”.

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chahar bagh

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During Babur reign formal gardens, placedwithin rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters byartificial channels. These gardens were known as chahar bagh, four gardens1C}

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pishtaq

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tall gateway (pishtaq) became importantaspects of Mughal architecture,

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hasht bihisht

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Associated with the chahar bagh there was tradition known as “eight paradises” or hasht bihisht – a central hall surrounded by eight rooms.

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diwan-i khas or aam

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The ceremonial halls of public andprivate audience (diwan-i khas or aam)

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chihil sutun

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The ceremonial halls of public andprivate audience (diwan-i khas oram) were carefully planned.These courts were also described as chihil sutun or forty-pillared halls, placed within a large courtyard.

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pietra dura

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pietradura [a Roman Art by inlaying of pieces of coloured stonesresulting into some images] inlays that depicted the legendary Greek godOrpheus playing the lute[a string instrument]

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construction of Shah Jahan’s audience hall aimed to communicate that

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construction of Shah Jahan’s audiencehall aimed to communicate that the king’s justice would treat the high and thelow as equals where all could live together in harmony.