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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gsα
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Activates adenylyl cyclase. Inhibited by binding to Gβ/γ, hydrolysis of bound GTP
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Giα
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Inhibits adenylyl cyclase. Inhibited by binding to Gβ/γ, hydrolysis of bound GTP
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Adenylyl cyclase
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Converts ATP to cAMP. Activated by Gsα, inhibited by Giα
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cAMP
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Activates PKA. Manufacture catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase, destroyed by phosphodiesterase.
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PKA
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Consists of four subunits: two catalytic and two inhibitory. cAMP binds to the inhibitory subunits causing them to dissociate.
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Choleratoxin
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Prevents hydrolysis of Gsα-GTP.
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Pertussis toxin
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Prevents hydrolysis of Giα-GTP
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PLC
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Cleaves PIP2 to IP3 an DAG. Activated by Gqα or ligand-bound TrK.
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Gqα
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Activates PLC. Inhibited by binding to Gβ/γ, hydrolysis of bound GTP
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DAG
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Activates PKC manufactured by cleavage of PIP3
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IP3
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Triggers Ca2+ release. Manufactured by cleavage of PIP2.
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Ca2+
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Activates calmodulin.
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Calmodulin
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Activates NO synthase. Activated by Ca2+.
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GRB2
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Activates Sos. Activated by ligand-bound TrK receptor.
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Sos
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A GEF that converts Ras-GDP to Ras-GTP. Activated by GRB2
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Ras
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Phosphorylates RAF, activating it. Activated by GTP binding, catalyzed by Sos.
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MEK
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Phosphorylates MAPK, activating it. Activated by phosphorylation, catalyzed by RAF.
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MAPK
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Activates ETS/Jun via phosphorylation. Activated by MEK phosphorylation.
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ETS/Jun
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Transcription factors. Activated by MAPK-P.
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RAF
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Phosphorylates MEK, activating it. Activated by phosphorylation, catalyzed by Ras.
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PI3-K
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Converts PIP2 to PIP3. Activated by ligand-bound TrK.
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PIP3
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Activates PKB. Activated by PI3-K.
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PKB
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Initiates various signaling pathways. Activated by PIP3.
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Name the structural fiber(s) in animals.
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Collagen and elastin
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Name the structural fiber(s) in plants.
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Cellulose
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Name the gel-like protein(s) in animals.
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Proteoglycans
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Name the gel-like protein(s) in plants.
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Hemi-cellulose and extensins
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Name the adhesive protein(s) in animals.
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Fibronectins and laminins
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Name the adhesive protein(s) in plants.
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Pectin
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Name the components of the basal lamina.
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Collagen, proteoglycans, laminins and elastin.
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter. Acts through both LGIC and GPCR channels.
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Catecholines
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Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Act through GPCRs.
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Monoamines
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Histimine and seratonin. Act through LGICs and GPCRs.
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Amino acid neurotransmitters
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Glutamate (excitatory) and GABA (inhibitory). Act through LGICs and GPCRs.
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Neuropeptides.
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Enkephalin, substance P and GnRH. Act through GPCRS.
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CapZ
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Holds actin on the Z-line.
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α actinin
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Holds actin on the Z-line.
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Nebulin
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Stabilizes thin fillaments
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Titin
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Holds myosin to the Z-line. Springy.
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Myomesin
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Holds myosin bundles together.
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Troponin
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Inhibits tropomyosin. Activated by Ca2+ binding.
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Tropomyosin
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Prevents myosin-actin interactions, and thus muscle contraction. Inhibited by troponin.
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Ryr1
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Found in skeletal muscle. Causes Ca2+ release from the sarcomere. Activated by DHPR.
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DHPR
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Activates Ryr1. Activated by t-tubule depolarization.
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Ryr2
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Found in cardiac muscle. Causes Ca2+ release from the sarcomere. Activated by Ca2+ binding.
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Ryr3
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Found in nervous tissue. Causes Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Activated by Ca2+ binding.
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Tetanus toxin
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Inhibits the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in motor neurons.
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Botox
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Prevents acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junction.
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MLCK
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Phosphorylates the myosin II light chain causing smooth muscle contraction. Activated by Ca2+/Calmodulin.
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Name the functions of fibronectins.
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Integrin binding, cell adhesion and blood clotting.
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Talin
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Carries signals between integrin and the cytoskeleton.
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Integrin
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Binds ECM proteins outside of the cell and the cytoskeleton inside the cell through talin.
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FAK/ILK
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Activate a signaling pathway. Activated by ECM-bound integrin.
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CAM/IGSF
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Cell-cell adhesion molecules. Capable of heterophilic interactions with integrin, or homophilic interactions.
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Cadherins
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Cell-cell adhesion molecules. Capable only of homophilic interactions. Ca2+ dependent.
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G1-CdK
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Phosphorylates Rb, inhibiting it. Transcription upregulated by Ras/MAPK pathway.
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Rb
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Inhibits E2F by binding to it. Inhibited by G1-CdK.
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E2F
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A transcription factor for various DNA replication proteins and S-CdK. Inhibited by Rb.
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ORC
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Complex of DNA replication proteins which binds DNA at the origin. Replication inhibited by Cdc6.
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Cdc6
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Inhibits DNA replication by binding the ORC. Inhibited by S-CdK.
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Mcm
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A helicase. Part of the ORC.
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S-CdK
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Phosphorylates Cdc6, inhibiting it. Phosphorylates the ORC, ensuring that only one replication takes place. Transcription upregulated by E2F.
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M-CdK
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Phosphorylates lamin, causing nuclear envelope breakdown. Phosphorylates condensin, activating it. Phosphorylates MAPS, causing spindle formation. Inhibits wee1. Activates Cdc25. Phosphorylates Cdc20, activating it. Phospho-inhibited by wee1. Phospho-activated by CAK. Phospho-disinhibited by Cdc-25.
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Wee1
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Phosphorylates the A and B sites of M-CdK, inhibiting it. Inhibited by M-CdK.
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CAK
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Phosphorylates the C site of M-CdK, activating it.
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Cdc25
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Dephosphorylates the A and B sites of M-CdK, disinhibiting it. Phospho-activated by M-CdK.
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p53
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In low concentrations, resets the cell cycle. In high concentrations, triggers apoptosis. Phospho-activated by damaged DNA.
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Cdc20
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Binds to the APC, activating it. Phospho-activated by M-CdK.
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APC
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Polyubiquinates securin. Activated by Cdc20. Inhibited by Mad/Bub.
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Securin
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Binds to separase, inhibiting it. Polyubiquinated by the APC.
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Separase
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Cleaves cohesin. Inhibited by securin.
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Cohesin
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Binds sister chromatids together, preventing anaphase. Cleaved by separase.
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Mad/Bub
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Binds the APC, inhibiting it. Produced by spindle-unbound kinetochore.
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Taxol
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Prevents microtubule depolymerization, preventing anaphase.
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Vinblastine
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Prevents microtubule poolymerization, blocking spindle-fiber formation.
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Name the seven steps in apoptosis.
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DNA segregates to the edge of the nucleus. Cytoplasmic volume decreases. The cytoplasm blebs out. The nucleus and organelles fragment. DNA is cleaved into ladders. The cell is dismantled into apoptotic bodies. The cell is ingested by macrophages.
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Cdc95
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Binds to the FAS receptor, activating it.
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FAS receptor
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Binds the FADD adaptor, activating it. Activated by Cdc95.
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FADD
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Cleaves the inhibitory domain from caspase 8. Activated by the FAS receptor.
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Caspase 8
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Cleaves the inhibitory domain from caspase 3. Activated by FADD.
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Caspase 3.
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Executioner protein. Activated by caspase 8 and 9.
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BAX
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Punches a hole in the mitochondrial membrane, releasing Cyt-C. Transcription upregulated by PUMA. Activate by BID. Inhibited by Bcl-2.
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BAD
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Inhibits Bcl-2 by binding to it. Phopho-inhibited by AkT. Transcription upregulated by PUMA.
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Cyt-C
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Binds to APAF-1, activating it. Released from the mitochondrion by BAX.
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APAF-1
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Forms a homopolymer called an apoptosome, which cleaves the inhibitory domain from Caspase 9. Activated by Cyt-C.
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Caspase 9
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Cleaves the inhibitory domain from caspase 3. Activated by the apoptosome.
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AkT
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Inhibits BAD. Activated by the PI3-K pathway.
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IAP
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Inhibits caspase-3. Disinhibited by the MAPK pathway.
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