Immunology Test Ii

Front 1

restriction enzymes run on gel reported one germ line. again w/ restriction enzymes run agin, but different band w/ sounterh blot. why?

Back 1

because sequence had changed

Front 2

chat are the multigene families of light chain?

Back 2

V (variable) J (joining) and C (constant)

Front 3

what's the address label?

Back 3

the L segment, and exxon that is the "leader" that takes sequence to ER, docks and that way it's transcribe into the ER lumen.

Front 4

how does a peptide "choose its own ending"?

Back 4

multiple possibilities available for gene segments.
ie. b cell maturing can choose j2,c3 & c1 for example. random choices.

Front 5

what choices do humans have with V,J and C's?

Back 5

humans have 31 V's, 4J's and 7C's.

4 lambda constant regions b/c 4 lambda subunits

Front 6

"fake out"?

Back 6

a pseudogene. these are nonfunctional. if 5 seen on pre chosen gene, 1 pseudogene, than only 4 would be functional

Front 7

order of joining?

Back 7

yes. V and J join. then C.

Front 8

heavy chain has what extra segment?

Back 8

has a D for Diversity
this adds another level of complexity.
D helps with complementary loop.

Front 9

B cells early on only make IgM and later make IgE or IgA. you can only go in this order. what is the order?

Back 9

m,d,y,y1,y2,y3,ye,ya

Front 10

"class switching"

Back 10

when b cell chooses a class. epitope ever changes.

Front 11

primary transcript has what 2 options?

Back 11

M or D (mu or delta)

Front 12

differential processing

Back 12

done on primary transcript. choosing the heavy chain, M or D

Front 13

10/7
what are the light chain parts?

Back 13

Kappa and lambda
k A

Front 14

germ line DNA before rearrangement looks like this

Back 14

--L--VVV--DDD--JJ--CC--

Front 15

what keeps germ line DNA?

Back 15

the hematopoietic stem cell divides, and 1 stays the same

Front 16

what happens to the other cell, that is what is it's order of rearrangment (heavy chain)?

Back 16

it's DJ first recombo's, then V. this is complete heavy chain rearrangement.

Front 17

after made, tested, right? name this cell

Back 17

yes. heavy chain is exposed on membrane with surrogate light chains. this is a "pre B cell"
tries out kappa, 2nd kappa, lambda, until a fit found. mIgM membrane bound

Front 18

if passes heavy chain test, and light chain "fitted", another test?

Back 18

yes, to test that it doesn't recognize self-antigens.
then a change in RNA processessing occurs and only IgM and IgD can go to blood

Front 19

if as IgM/D encounters Ag, now in "set" stage, waiting for ____ cell.
once it interacts with this cell, it undergoes ____________.
now B cell referred to as a ____ cell.

Back 19

TH

somatichypermutation

plasma. also get memory B cells here

Front 20

at this stage we see IgM/D going to IgG, IgA, and IgE, this is called

Back 20

"class switching"

will get secreted forms now

Front 21

multigene family?

Back 21

there's lambda multigene family, kappa multigene family, and heavy chain multigene family. these are not funtional until "chosen"

Front 22

where does the recombining and "choosing" take place?

Back 22

in the bone marrow

Front 23

with lambda, how does the multigene "choosing" take place?

Back 23

V & J are chosen and the silerncers are eliminated and promotors promotoed to enhance function of gene. 70kb (70K) bp's removed and only after rearrangement can promotors/enhancers interact

Front 24

with kappa, how does multigene "choosing" take place?

Back 24

V & J first. there's only 1 C isotype. all come together and now promotor and enhancer close together. 1' transcript ->splicing -->mRNA.

Front 25

after kappa is mRNA, what occurs?

Back 25

then poly A tail added. ribosome recognizes 5' cap and goes through ER leader cleaved off and left membrane bound or secreted. funcitonal kappa folds into domains to get heavy chain

Front 26

with heavy chain, how's "choosing" occur?

Back 26

basically the same, slightly more complex. D and J combo first. double recombination event, DJ chooses V. promotor/enhancer together now -->transcription. terminator after all but M&D. if M cut, D used

Front 27

RSS?

Back 27

recombination signal sequence. these are "flanked" on the ends of the V, D and J segments.

Front 28

what're the 2 nuclotide sequences of RSSs?

Back 28

2 - turn
has heptamer than 23bp and a nonamer

1 turn
has nonamer 12bp and a heptamer

Front 29

what segment has 2 RSSs?

Back 29

D

Front 30

anything significant w/ RSSs?

Back 30

yes. it's basically a palendrome separated by many bp's, later to be hooked up, look at page 113

Front 31

why called 1 turn and 2 turn?

Back 31

b/c 1 turn is 12 bp's and basically 10 bp's per turn of DNA, so
2 turn is 2 turns of DNA about 23 bp's.

Front 32

what's the
a, b, c, d, e, of mechanisms or rearrangment?

Back 32

a. recombining RSS
b.alpha chain V to J
c. beta chain K to J
d. heavy chain DNA V-D-J
e. Rag 1 & Rag 2 genes and enzymes (recombo activating gene)

Front 33

what do rags recognize?

Back 33

rag's recognize the RSSs.
they have affinity to other rags and to RSSs.
Rag's remove RSSs and combine cut & join V's and J's.

Front 34

what's the
f, g, h, i, j, k, of mechanisms or rearrangement?

Back 34

f. Rag 1 see's RSS and binds
g. Rag 2 see's other RSS and binds.
h. B - recombinases collectively VDJ recombinase
i Rag I j. Rag 2 k. terminal deoxynuclotidyl transferase (TdT)

Front 35

TdT, what's its role?

Back 35

TdT - terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. after cut, and rag'd, comes and randomly adds DNA sequences between D and J. this makes many CDR (loop) diversity. all random, better Ag binding diversity