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194 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
what are the first 2 events in history (dates) related to immunology?
430 BC the black plague

1400's China & Turkey with dried puss from small pox
430 BC ...

1400's ...
COW POX

significant in history? who? year?
1798 Edward Jenner noticed cow maids getting cow pox, afterward immune to small pox, immunized via cow puss
edward jenner
PASTEUR

significant in immunology? why? year?
put weak strain of CHOLERA in chickens, get sick, but recover. learned ATTENUATED strain will immunize.
ATTENUATED
define IMMUNITY

safe from what?
free, safe or protected

from: infectious microorganisms, infectious viruses, parasites, cancer and toxins
infectious MVP, cancer & toxins
What are the 2 function of the immune system?
recognition and response
R & R
Recognition of what 2 things with immune system?
self vs. non self
&
target differentiation
easy
response of what 2 things with immune system?
effector response
&
Memory Response
easy
What are the 2 components of immunity (aka, what're the 2 immune systems?)?
innate immune system (traits at birth; nonspecific types of immunity)
&
adaptive immune system (ability to change)
duhh.
what're 2 anatomic innate barriers?
Skin
Mucus Membrane

more on these 2, see HINT
skin- dermis[tight, thin, dead cells with keratin, waterproof] & epidermis
mucus - entraps microorganisms, Cilia wash away invaders & bacterial flora out-competes pathogens
what're physiologic barriers?
Temperature

pH

chemical factors ...more - see HINT
temp - 25'c to 37'c

ph - ~7, then crazy in body

chem - lysozyme attacks pgcan
what are some phagocytic barriers?
phagocytosis
with physiologic barriers, what're 3 chemical factors?
1-lysozyme attack on pgcan
2-interferons - msg. sent to CLOSE DOORS of cells preventing viral entry
3- compliment - ANTIBODIES FLAG and COMPLIMENTS KILL
communication
what's the name for "false feet"?
pseudopodia.
they come out, surround bacteria, compartmentalize it and eat!
pseudo...
What 4 things trigger Phagocytosis?
1. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
2. Sugars (mannose, fructose ...)
3. techoid acid (gram +)
4. n-formyl peptides
lipooplysac
sug, teich, & N-fp

ALL components broken down w hydrolytic enzymes. atp pump to phagosomes
how's the n-formyl peptides related to recognition & phagocytosis?
the formyl group on the end gives it away as a bacteria
what're the 3 functions of the inflammatory response?
1. delivery of cells & effector molecules to site
2. physical barrier @ site
3. promotes would healing/ tissue repair
deliver..

barrier...

promotes...
what're the clinical signs of inflammatory response (5)?
RED
swelling
heat
pain
loss of fxn
come on, no hint
needed
what's happening now?
look at the picture some more

cells enter extracellular space and go to work
What are the 4 defenses seen with Innate Immunity? (barriers)
1. anatomic barriers
2. physiologic barriers
3. phagocytic barriers
4. inflammation
A
P
P
I
When inflammation occurs, what happens relative to size of the vessels?
some vasodilate, some vasoconstrict. causing a back-up so pool can wash out, have antibodies dendritic cells in blood and decreased velocity of blood at the site
vaso...
when backed up and more pressure during Inflammation, some cells sneak through the walls - what's this called?
increased vascular permeability
plasma leaks through, similar to how air leaks through a tightly pumped up tire
increases phagocytes in the area
vp
what lines of defense does micoorganisms have?
anatomic barrier........yes, cell wall
physiologic barrier..... no heat no pH chem factors............. yes
inflammation..............no
phagocytes................no
...
what lines of defense does plants have?
anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes
inflammation..............no
phagocytes................no
...
what lines of defense does invertebrates have?
anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes
chem factors.........yes
inflammation..............no
phagocytes................yes (macrophage)
...
what lines of defense does vertebrates have?
anatomic barrier........yes
physiologic barrier.....yes
chem factors.........yes
inflammation..............yes
phagocytes................yes
& ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
...
it takes 14 days to respond to antigen primarily. what about secondary?
more like 6 days, huge response this time
"the process to make blood" aka ...
hematopoiesis
hemaglobin
as seen in this order
site of blood cell formation
first in yolk sak
then spleen and liver
by birth migrates to bone marrow
at 20 no more long bones help, only skull, ribs, vetebra & pelvis
bones
what stem cells have potential to become a whole organism?

what germ layers do these make?
totipotent cells

make endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm later
todum pole
after totipotent cells, specilization goes to ___ , ____ & ____.
totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent and unipotent
multipotent cells. specialized for self renewal. migration to certain sites before birth.
double check on these 4
name a cell that can make a whole organism
a totipotent cell
is totipotent and pluripotent the same?
with hematopoiesis, what are the 2 pathways for at the unipotent level?
myeloid pathway
&
lymphoid pathway
cant self renew, can only become more specialized
what're 4 facts about a hematopietic stem cell
-multipotent
-self renewing by cell division
- able to differentiate into other cell types (RBC & WBC)
-1 stem cell per 10^ 4 bone marrow cells
____potent
like a ball of clay
uncommon
got it?
to get a specific end-product cell from a progeneter cell, what 3 factors decide what will be formed?
types of GF
amount of GF
acusition of responsiveness
& at what stage the GF is given
what 2 lineages are used, and draw the right one all the way and most of the left side. do it
got it? draw
Differentiation requires hematopoietic inducing microenvironment including _____ cells.
stromal
stromal cells are nonhematopoietic cells like FAT cells ENDOTHELIAL cells and FIBROBLASTS, what are stromal cells fxn?
provide essential cellular matrix
&
provide necessary GF
- usually cell to cell contact required. nurse cells.
what cell type is required for differentiation, give examples.
stromal cells.
examples of NONhematopoietic cells are fat, endothelial cells, & fibroblasts.
what is an example of hematopoietic a cell?
macrophages
the stromal cells provide 3 things
1. essential cell matrix
2. necessary GF's
3. protection
4. elimination of Hematopoietic cells
what is a cytokine?
a protein made by one cell that affects the behavior of other cells. act as messenger & effect on another cell, ie proliferation, growth
what're the 2 types of GF's & cytokines?
1. Soluble agents
2. membrane bound molecules
With Homatopoietic Homeostasis what 3 things are included to consider?
1. it's a continual process
2. maintain steady state, new/dying, adult make ~3.7x10^11 leukocytes/day
3. flexible: responds to hemorrhage & infection, even increase 10-20 fold
hematopoietic homeostasis involves Steady state regulation. what is involved in this regulation?
1. control GF production
2. produce cytokines
3. regulate receptor expression
4. programmed removal of some cells
what's it called when cell dies UNplanned?
necrosis
what are the 2 types of cell death?
a & n
if we have a disease, how does homeostasis w cells react?
makes hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow to renew used cells. then the order type and amount of cytokines effects the outcome of created cells.
blood cells made are ____ & ______
RBC's & WBC's
the WBC or Leukocytes made can be classfied further as _____ or ______.
lymphocytes
or
all other leukocytes
leukocytes --> lymphocytes --> ____ & _____.
possess attributes of ____, ___, ___ & ____.
t cells & b cells

attributes of diversity, specificity, memory and self/non-self recognition.
how (3 ways) do you Identify a leukocyte?
by morphology

by staining

by CD
small lymphocyte
plasma cell
natural killer cell
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
dendritic cell
mast cell
monocyte
macrophage
megakaryocyte
erythrocyte
CD or Clusters of Differentiation. what is a method where this is utilized?
using the ELIZA method. an antibody is a protein. antibodies recognize epitopes (~15 AA long) on another protein
what are the properties of epitopes typically?
hydrophilic, basic & polar
how does ELIZA work?
put a flouriform, green, yellow, whatever & this marker can sort the different Ab's.
what are the CD?

what are the CD markers?
the CD's are the antibodies

the CD markers are the surface proteins
how does CD work?
because each cell has different cell surface proteins, each specific to the cell fxn, the CD can bind to the surface and different antibodies bind to these surface proteins.
what's the word for a bump/marker ona protein?
an epitope
how many markers have been identified?
over 200 makers have been identified
Null Cells? funtion
are NK cells
"null" b/c no B or T cell receptor. not a true lymphocyte b/c no adaptivity.
ID sick cells and destroy them
who's go class I MHC? What's MHC stand for anyway?
all body cells. major histocompatibility comlex.
w/ class I MHC's, how do they work?
they chop up proteins and displays between the 1 alpha and 2 beta parts. send signal "i am self, don't attack".

if sick, no such "dont attack", thus b/c lack of MHC's, NK's come in and destroy
the _ _ receptor or C_ _ _ is made with two heavy chains and 2 light chains. top of the field goal posts is region that binds antigen. each is variable at this point.
FC receptor and CD16 is made with two heavy chains and 2 light chains. top of the field goal posts is region that binds antigen. each is variable at this point.
the receptor is called CD16, what's the name of the field goal posts?
Fab.
what
what do antibodies do anyway?
they bind strange proteins and flag them. FC receptor on NK will come in and kill
are b cells true lymphocytes?
yes. first seen in birds w bursa of fabricious.
b cells fxn?
they synthesize and display antibodies.
early stage of b cell?
called naive, or virgin. can have 1.5 x 10^5 antibody molecules on one cell. all antibodies are identical on any given B cell.
MHC's on B cells?
yes. are Class II MHC's. the proteins are phagocytized, and displayed. sticking the head on a spear.
what's w/ CD 40 receptor?
these experience activation by the T cells.
what are stages of B cells
ready
set
go
ready?
immature in bone marrow.

ready when naive/virgin out of bone but having seen no antigen yet
set?
see's an antigen, and goes through the activtaion process
go?
Th comes at "go" to help out.
at this point cell undergoes diferntiation and division. undergoes somatichypermutation.
what's somatichypermutation.
1 part of genome becomes rapidly mutated. on the part of Ab that binds Ag. checking to see if there's a better binding possible.
what else with "go"?
ER get's big b/c protein production
some become plasma cells
others become memory cells

at this point they're considered active
t cells start out where? end up?
in the bone marrow and end up in the thymus just above the heart
are t cells true lymphocytes
yes. they have adaptiveness. work via TCR (t cell receptors)

the tcr's recognize CD 4 & 8's
if a cd 8 is recognized what kind of T cell?
it would be a Tc cell hooking up to a Class I
good for Tc to recognize class II MHC's?
all our good phagocytes would be destroyed
the the 1st stage of T cell maturation
naive. haven't encountered antigen. little cytoplasms. t cell receptor present.
when does t cell become active?
when it encounters antigens, finds specific sequence and it'll have an activated response.
what is the activated response?
Th1 - the cytokines get recruit macrophages & to activate other T cells
Th2 - cytokines help activate
Tc cells - secrete cytokines triggering apotosis in target cells killing it
what's the name of Tc cell when active?
a TCL. that's cytotoxic T lymphocyte. these guys trigger apotosis via cytokines.
what're primary lymphoid organs?
thymus & bone marrow
light chain MW :

heavy chain MW:

total MW:
25K ea, total light chain 50K

heavy 50K ea, heavy 100 total

total MW 150 MW. attached via disulfide bonds.
variable region of Ab's called?
N terminus.
3 heavy chain domains & a light and heavy variable domain
how many AA's is variable domain?
about 110 AA's long. '
what're the 2 types of light chain domains?
only subtle differences. we have kappa (k) and lambda (a).

somk k, some a. only 1 kind per Ab
subtypes for light chain?
yes, light chain lambda (a) has a1,a2,a3 and a4
subtypes for heavy chain?
yes. 5. mu, gamma, alpha, delta and epsilon.
isotype
the name for whatever heavy chain subtype an Ab receives.
mu?
IgM. Ab on B cells (virgin)
can be secreted
seen in pentomers
gamma?
main Ab in the blood. binds best to Ab's in blood.
bind best to Fc receptors of phagocytic cells.
triggers opsinozation (later phago)
alpha?
IgA. mainly in GI tract as dimer. J chain holds them together w/ disulfide bond.
delta?
IgD. not too much known

made at the same time as IgM's.
epsilon?
IgE - mostly with allergic reactions.

peanuts could make you anaphalxis.
Ig?
any globulin with the immune response
ie - light chain
- heavy chain
- characteristic domain
- anything in the Superfamily
characteristic domain, what's the framework/structure and binding? (active part of Ab)
2 beta sheets on eachother w/ diSulfide bonds. it has 110 AA's w/ highly cysteins.
it's 2 antiparallel beta sheets mirring eachother. the "fold" makes sandwhich
remember hydrophilic/hydrophobic?
yes, hydrophilic outside and hydrophilic inside, this has to do with protein folding.
with Ab, how are the beta sheets held together?
the adjacent pleats of B sheet held together via H bonds
IgA has a hinge region w/ what?
2 disulfide bonds. puts kink in chain. arms very flexible.
with hapten, can combo to join 2 ringed dinitrophenols
or make's 3 triangle, 4 a square.
who's unflexible?
ME. b/c no hinge region
what determines if an Ab is secreted or membrane bound?
the C terminus. if hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
what's one effector function of Ab?
to bind Ag's and mark it as foreign
what's another fxn of effector ?
opsonization. this promotes phagocytosis - says, "this thing is foreign"
what's other fxn's of effectors?
compliment activation. IgM very good b/c pentomer. RBC w/ holes b/c MAC (membrane attack complex)
what's other fxn of effector?
ADCC (antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity) a self cell making strange proteins. Ab can stick, which is shouldn't, so NK gets msg. & cytokines signal apotosis.
how's that ADCC go down? (binding)
the Fc receptor of the NK cell
comes and
binds Ab and sends cytokines
what's another fxn of effector?
transcytosis. like IgA going into GI tract or into mothers milk (giving passive/temporary immunity)
what receptor allows for transcytosis?
the poly Ig receptor. IgA and IgM.
what're all the 4 fxn's of effectors?
opsonization, complement activation, ADCC, and transcytosis.
who mediates these 4 effector fxn's?
the C chain region
lets talke IgG. G is big chain and cappa or lambda is light chain 4 sublcasses
1,2,3 & 4. what about these sublcasses?
igG 1,3,4 all cross placenta easy
igG 3 most effective gett'n complement
igG 3&1 have high affinity for Fc and ultimately opsonization
IgG 2 ... yeah not really sure.
IgD?
not sure, but on virgins w/ M. something with opsoniation, but really
not
much
known
IgE
allergic rxn's. only have problems when bound to 2 Ab's.
what causes throat to close up?
called anaphalaxis - or anaphalatic shock.
because of basophils and mast cells. pollen and dander look like parasites.
Prausnitz and kustner?
PK! up wit it.
it's the reaction used in making an allergic test
IgA?
most secretions of all in GI tract or breast milk. seen as monomer in blood, but dimer/tetramer in lumen's.
again, how's IgA get into lumen?
the poly Ig receptor.
mast cells secrete dimeric IgA that bind to exit, lots of pepsin in gut so protected form protyolytic cleavage.
what good does IgA do?
binds virus' preventing them binding to body cells. also effective at aggultination.
IgM?
extremely effective at agglutination.
good at complement activation too. Fc receptors are in the middle, and bends to expose Fc's when bound call Pentameric Staple form.
Ab's extremely immunogenic. what are 3 immunogenic types?
isotypic determinants,
allotypic determinants,
idiotypic determinants.
isotypic determinants
isotypes refer to what "type" that is is it M,G, A or E? what's the heavy part/domain. that's the isotype, the C region.
allotypic determinants
helps determine if we get allele form mom or dad. in C region
idiotypic determinants
Ab binding region. we can make Ag's that bind specifically to Ab's. the V region of Ab. the B cell can change class, but never the idiotype - always binds same epitope
what's on the b cell receptor (naive)?
IgM or IgD (MD).
IgM/D send msg to activate w/ help of another associated protein, what?
it's the IgBeta & IgAlpha. work with Ab but have a conformational chainge effecting a long tain inside the cell.
what's the name of the Ig a/b long tail?
ITAM. a conserved tyrosine residue. it get's protein kinases inside and changes cell to a plasma cell
why monoclonal? how helpful with research/
take a plasma b cell and mix w/ cancerous cell (myelom) mix w/ PEG to fuse membranes together and you get a hybridoma. no immortal B cell.
what're myeloma?
cancer b cells.

makes monoclonal Ab's when a hybridoma.
abzymes?
stabilize transition state.
adopts new conformation.
found monoclonals can work as enzymes.
what're the 2 primary lymphoid organs?
the thymus and bone marrow
if dissecting look for what for thymus?
a bilobed organ sitting right above the heart. T cells tested here to learn good cells vs. bad
name immature T cells
thymocytes
selection process in thymus?
yes. more thymocytes in cortex than medulla. over 95% never leave thymus. they can't recognize MHC's, so they're done.
who does testing?
nurse cells aka stromal cells.
also
dendritic cells do the presenting and if recognizes it incorrectly ... apotosis.
indogenously made MHC's get T cell response of what?
CD8 and Tc.

CD4's and Th.

only given GF if recognizing correctly
all hematopoiesis begins here
bone marrow
B cells go through testing too?
yes. a negative selection process. shown epitopes of human body and if they bind, they're given GF's to kill them
90% die early
basics of lymph system?
fluid leaks from capillaries and picks up Ag's and drains to capillaries of lymph sys. and goes to lymph nodes
plasma?
same as lypmh, location differs, just the name for liquid portion of blood
plasma cells go where in lymph node?
to the medulla to secrete Ab's
what're secondary lymphoid organs?
the 1' follicle, 2'follicle and germinal center.
lymph node and spleen are most highly organized of 2' lymphoid organs.
follicles in lymph node?
yes. 1' follicle is in "set" mode. meets T cell.
2' follicle is more organized B cells, massive proliferation & germinating center of B cells mainly
how do Ab's get from lymph node to body?
via the lymphatic vessel. it mixes with blood soon thereafter
lymph node paracortex?
thymus dependent area - b/c so full of T cells.
lymph node medulla?
active plasma cells (mature B's) secreting Ab's
primary follicle again?
comprises of network of dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
secondary follicle?
after antigenic challenge - ring of concentrically packed B lymphocytes around a germinal center . this center is location of proliferating B cells. some T h's and macrophages and dendritic cells
what's collected in spleen?
Ag's from blood in whole body. also traps old cells for recycling.
pulp in spleen
yes - red pulp RBC's broken down white pulp where WBC's broken down
white pulp .. more here?
yes. PALS (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath) t cells mostly. seen around arteries.
what's MALT stand for?
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
where MALT found/made of?

example?
it's always present undefined or encapsulated,
made of lymphoid cells

ie. the tonsils. also in intestines
M cells?
carry out version of endocytosis. binds Ag in lumen and rleases Ag into cavity full of B cells and phagocytes
what happens when Ag brought in by M cell?
brought to B cells that activate and comes into payers patch where 1' follicles secrete IgA.
who tricks M cells?
salmonella.
tertiary immunity?
the kind that increases when needed
Tc's only respond to ...
viral attacks

whereas Th's can, but not only
define: antigenicity
ability for Ag to bind Ab
or
t cell receptor recognition by Ab
define: immunogenicity
eliciting response, humoral or cell mediated
immunogen, define:
subsection of Ag. ie. t cell can bind protein, polysaccharide, NA or lipids
most unique to bind of immunogens?
the AA's, b/c 20 of them. few polysacc's (starch, cellulose, kitin) 4 NA's, and less lipids
usually only binds NA's and lipids when whaat?
when NA's or lipids are bound to anotehr moleucle making it a hapten molecule
factors that influence immunogenicity?
(eliciting response)
seth got 5 red plump apples
foreigness, molecular size, chemical composition, presentation, recipient genotype, adjuvants
immunogenicity - seth
size: larger gets more of a response. (over 100K) agglutination gets small's to be recognized. haptens help id
immunogenicity - got
genotype of recipient: MHC's not fine specific. have piece of peptide presented. some proteins not recognized
immunogenicity: five
foreignness: "nonresponsiveness" from self proteins. immune response to unsimilar species
immunogenicity: red
Route: w/MALT Ag's brought in. Don't want immunize orally for s.t. in lymph system. dosage size too.
immunogenicity: apples
adjuvants: injected with Ag to enhance immunogenicity. prolong Ag presistance etc.
what 4 things do apples do? (adjuvants)
1.prolong Ag persistance
2.enhance costilulatory factors
3. increase local inflammation
4.stimulate nonspecific lymphocytes.
what helps to 1. prolong Ag persistance?
Alum. put in "lollipop form". longer to dissolve, don't precipitate so fast. like oil emulsions, trap inside.
how's 2. enhance costilulatory factors done?
heat kill bacteria (PG can & polysacc's) injected gets cell response
why 3. inflammation significant with apples (adjuvants)?
inflammation signals for neutrophils, b cells, macrophages. increases Ag getting picked up
s g f r p a's anything else?
chem composition & heterogeneity: repetitions have no distinctive features, but glu gal mann does. T cells only recognize chopped up.
our proteins made up of what distinction, which limits our enzymes?
we're made of L proteins so we have no such proteases to break down L proteins.
what's the name of the region on the Ab that binds the eptiope?
the CDR
the Compimentary determining region.
what kind/ strength of charge b/w CDR and epitope?
weak, ionic hydrophilic interactions with complementary shape/size and charge. 75-100 H bonds too
what happens with multiple epitopes?
they'll compete with one another
how many domains for Ab?
110 per domain
m and e have 4 C domains and 1 disulfide bond. others have hings and 2 disulfide bonds
what's seen at N terminus?
variable region, tip of 3 light and 3 heavy chains. this is the CDR. also called the idiotype.