Immunology Test 1

Front 1

In the innate immune response what are the signs of infection?

Back 1

redness, heat, pain, swelling

Front 2

What causes warming and reddening of the skin?

Back 2

cytokines which induce vascodilation of capillaries (more blood flowing to the surface)

Front 3

What causes swelling (aka?)?

Back 3

Aka=edema by cytokines causing vasodilation which cause movement of fluid into connective tissue

Front 4

What causes pain?

Back 4

the innate immune system's response by releasing cytokines which causes vasodilation, fluid movement to connective tissue, and thus increased pressure on the nerves causing pain

Front 5

What happens with the innate immune system to allow movement of WBC into the tissue?

Back 5

through the innate immune response the vascular endothelium allowded movement of WBC into tissue

Front 6

What are the principle characteristics of the innate immune response?

Back 6

1-rapid response
2-fixed
3-limited number of specificities
4-constand during response

Front 7

What are the principle characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

Back 7

1-slow response
2-variable
3-highly selective specifications
4-improves during response

Front 8

how is diversity created for receptors?

Back 8

Receptors are coded by non-conventional genes. diversity generated by splicing and rearrangement

Front 9

What are the main purposes of the adaptive immune response system?

Back 9

1. expand clones to create the memory mechanism
2. allow rapid proliferation
3. provides long term immunity for non-mutating virsuses

Front 10

What do lymphocytes do?

Back 10

provide immunilogical memory, specific for pathogen (adaptive immune system)

Front 11

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune response systems?

Back 11

primary=initial exposure
secondary=subsequent exposure

Front 12

What are leukocytes?

Back 12

WBC

Front 13

What are leukocytes derived from?

Back 13

hematopoietic cells

Front 14

What is the process that generates cells called?

Back 14

hematopoiesis

Front 15

What is a megakaryocyte?

Back 15

giant multi-nucleated cell, that will explode. involved in the formation of palettes

Front 16

What are the characteristics of small lymphocytes?

Back 16

produce antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
-1 nucleus
-no granules
-not much cytoplasm

Front 17

What are the characteristics of a plasma cell?

Back 17

fully differentiated form of B cells that secretes antibodies
(contains golgi apparatus, lots of cytoplasm)

Front 18

What is a natural killer cell?

Back 18

kills cells infected with certain viruses
-innate IR=not specific
-has granules, but NOT granucyte

Front 19

What is a neutrophil?

Back 19

Granulocyte!!
-phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
-should have a lot more mature in blood

Front 20

What is an esosinophil?

Back 20

Granulcyte!!
-killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
-bright red granules

Front 21

what is a basophil?

Back 21

Granucyte!!
-tons of granules
-allergies

Front 22

what is a dendritic cell?

Back 22

activation of T cells and initation of adaptive IR
-presents antigens to T cells, which cannot recognize them on their own

Front 23

What is a mast cell?

Back 23

GRANUCYTE!
expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
-parasities and allergies

Front 24

What is monocyte?

Back 24

circulating precursor cell to macrophage
-kidney shaped (few granules)

Front 25

What is a macrophage?

Back 25

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms. activation of T cells and intiation of IR

Front 26

What is megakarocyte?

Back 26

multi-nucleus cell
platelet formation, would repair

Front 27

What is erythrocyte?

Back 27

oxygen transport
NO NUCLEI

Front 28

What is a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell?

Back 28

-capable of self-renewal
-can become progenitor cells that commit to a specific lineage (erythroid, lymphoid, myeloid)

Front 29

What does hematopoiesis develp first, etc?

Back 29

1-fetal yolk sac (early)
2-fetal liver & spleen (middle_
3-BM (late)

Front 30

Where do hematopoietic stell cells reside?

Back 30

bone marrow

Front 31

What is Tuberculosis caused by?

Back 31

Bacteria

Front 32

What is ringworm caused by?

Back 32

fungus

Front 33

What is food poisoning caused by?

Back 33

bacteria

Front 34

What is smallpox caused by?

Back 34

virus

Front 35

What is the flu caused by?

Back 35

virus

Front 36

What is sleeping sickness caused by?

Back 36

parasites

Front 37

What is leishmaniasis caused by?

Back 37

parasite

Front 38

What is thrush, systemic candidiasis caused by?

Back 38

fungus

Front 39

What is ascariasis caused by?

Back 39

parasite (worm)

Front 40

What is schistosomiasis caused by?

Back 40

parasite (worm)

Front 41

What is HIV/AIDS caused by?

Back 41

virus

Front 42

What is bathed in muscus and what is its cause?

Back 42

Muscosal surfaces: epithelia lining GI, respiratory, and UG tract
Purpose: contains enzymes, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
2. protect epithelial cells from damage and limit infection

Front 43

What is in the respiratory tact? urogenital tract? gastrointestinal tract?

Back 43

1. sinuses, trachea, lungs
2. kidneys, bladder, vagina
3. oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, intestines

Front 44

When the innate immune system recruits effector mechanisms, what cells is it recruiting?

Back 44

effector cells, complement (plasma proteins)

Front 45

What is orchestrated by the adaptive immune response system?

Back 45

WBC

Front 46

What is another big difference between the innate and adaptive immune response systems?

Back 46

adaptive has MEMORY

Front 47

what do progenior cells give rise to?

Back 47

large numbers of lymphocytes each with a different specificity

Front 48

When a pathogen comes into contact with a lymphocyte, what happens?

Back 48

the lymphocyte is activated and proliferates and differentiates to form a clone of effector cells to elimenate the pathogen (adaptive IR)

Front 49

In the adaptive IR when the lymphocytes are multiplying, what is the use of this?

Back 49

memory, stronger and faster IR, long term immunity for some viruses

Front 50

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte?

Back 50

-subset of wbc
-provides immunological memory
-specific to pathogen

Front 51

Where do all cells of the immune system originate?

Back 51

-pluripotenet hematopoietic stem cells

Front 52

What is hematopoiesis? and what does it develop first?

Back 52

process of blood formation
1. fetal yolk sac
2. fetal liver and spleen
3. bone marrow

Front 53

List the different classes of leukocytes from most abundant to least.

Back 53

1. Neutrophil
2. lymphocyte
3. monocyte
4. eosinophil
5. basophil (will see more if there is an infection)

Front 54

What do neutrophils do and after they die what happens to them?

Back 54

neutrophils engulf and kill mircoorganisms after traveling and entering infected tissue. they die in the tissue and macrophages engulf and degrade them

Front 55

Where are neutrophils stored until needed in infected tissue?

Back 55

bone marrow

Front 56

How does signal transduction work?

Back 56

bacteria's components bind to macrophage's signal receptors, which induces the syntesis of inflammatory cytokines

Front 57

What does the lymphoid tissue do?

Back 57

specialized tissues to orchestrate immune system

Front 58

What are the major sites of the lymphoid tissue?

Back 58

BM, thymus, spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lympth nodes, and peyer's path

Front 59

What does the primary lymphoid tissue do and what sturctures are part of this class?

Back 59

lymphocytes develop and mature
BM & thymus

Front 60

What is part of the secondary/peripheral lymphoid tissue

Back 60

(all except thymus & BM)
lympth nodes, peyer's path in small intestine, adrenoids, spleen, tonsils, appendix

Front 61

Describe the functions of the lympth nodes (LN)?

Back 61

they lie at the end of lympathic vessels to collect plasma that has leaked out of the blood vessels and forms lympathic fluid which is eventually returned to blood via thoracic duct

Front 62

What does the thoracic duct do?

Back 62

allow the lympth nodes to retern lymphatic fluid to the blood

Front 63

Describe the lympth node function in fighting infection?

Back 63

lymphocytes are activated in 2nd degree lymphoid tissue, the draining LN receives fluid from the infection which arrived via the afferent lymphatic vessels with dendritic cells (unite to form single efferent vessel)

Front 64

Describe the adapt immune response happening in the lympth node?

Back 64

1.neive lymphocytes circulate in blood and enter the lympth nodes through artery, while dendritic cells via afferent lymphatic vessel enter with bacteria
2. move into T cell area, dendritic cells activate T cells
3. Helper T cells drive B cell differentiation
4. macrophage engulfs bacteria
5. B-cells differentiates into a plasma cell which secretes Antibody
6. cytotoxic T cells kill cells infected with intercellular pathogen/virus (need to make antibody)
7. drains out through the efferent lymphatic vessel to return to infection

Front 65

What are the functions of the spleen?

Back 65

*If LN fails to remove pathogen and it enters the blood it will end up in spleen*
1.Filters blood-removes aged RBC
2. Functions like LN-infectious agents removed, activate lymphocytes

Front 66

Where does red and white pulp reside and how does it appear on the slide?

Back 66

the spleen
Red pulp: small black dot
white pulp: large whiter circles

Front 67

What structures are present in the white pulp section?

Back 67

1. PALS-mostly T cells
2. central arteriole
3. marginal sinus

Front 68

What does MALT, BALT, & GALT stand for?

Back 68

MALT=muscle, more diffuse
BALT=respiratory
GALT=gut, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyer's patch

Front 69

What does Ig and TCR stand for? What are their characteristics?

Back 69

Immunoglobin and T-cell receptor
-restricted to vertebrates
-expressed as cell-surface recognition molecules
-they have specificity for the Ag they bidn

Front 70

What are the two highly variable molecules of adaptive immuntity?

Back 70

Ig and TCR

Front 71

What is an antigen?

Back 71

molecules/virus partice, etc. that contains structure that is recognized and bound by an Ig or TCR

Front 72

What is an antigen receptor?

Back 72

Ig and TCR

Front 73

What is an antigentic determinant/epitope?

Back 73

part of antibody bound by Ig and TCR

Front 74

Describe an immunglobulin molecule?

Back 74

-2 polypeptide chains (H and L)
-Variable region (AA region varies between Ig)
-Constant region (identital from one Ig to another)
-Ag binds variable region
-surface Ig bound to transmembrane regions

Front 75

What is the similary between Ig and Ab?

Back 75

Ab are secreted Ig that lack transmembrane protein

Front 76

What are the 5 classes of isotypes of Ig?

Back 76

Ig-G
Ig-D
Ig-M
Ig-E
Ig-A

Front 77

What the cells different if they have the same constand region?

Back 77

No, they would be in the same class

Front 78

Describe a TCR.

Back 78

alpha and beta chains
-ALWAYS anchored in T cell membrane
-variable & constant region
-variable region forms Ag binding site

Front 79

How is Ig and TCR diversity created?

Back 79

-gene rearrangement of separate gene segments
-production of a functional gene requires alignment of appropriate gene segments

Front 80

What is somatic recombination?

Back 80

Gene rearrangement in B and T cells

Front 81

Prior to rearrangement Ig and TCR genes what configuration are they in?

Back 81

germline

Front 82

What is the difference between B and T cell pathogen recognition?

Back 82

B cells recognize intact pathogens (Ab bind DIRECTLY to native structures)
T cells recognize pathogen-derived particles in MHC

Front 83

What is the MHC stand for?

Back 83

Major Histocompatibility complex

Front 84

What is the Major Histocompatibility complex used for?

Back 84

in order to present an antigen to the T cells (B cells do not need this)

Front 85

What are the cells that carry MHC called?

Back 85

Ag peptide complex are antigen presenting cells (APC)

Front 86

What are the differences between MHC class I and II molecules?

Back 86

Class I: present peptide derived from introcellular pathogens
-Present on almost ALL cell types
Class II: Present peptides from pathogens present in extracellular milieu
-taken up by phagocytic cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells)

Front 87

What does polymorphism deal with?

Back 87

Major cause of tissue rejection (donor v receipient

Front 88

List the process of MHC complex I (intercellular Ag)

Back 88

1. Virus infect cell
2. Viral proteins synthesized in cytoplasm
3. peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class I in ER
4. Bound peptides transported by MHC complex I to the cell surface
5. Cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell

Front 89

List the process of MHC complex II (extracellular Ag) with Th1

Back 89

1. Macrophage engulfs/degrades bacterium, producing peptides
2. Bacterial peptides bound by MHC class II in VESICLES
3. Bacterial peptides transported by MHC complex II to the cell surface
4. Th1 recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC complex II and activates macrophage
(ready now to make clones)

Front 90

List the events of MHC complex class II with Th2 cells.

Back 90

1. Cell surface Ig of B cells binds bacteria and engulfs/degrades to peptides
2. Bacterial peptides bound by MHC class II in vesicles
3. Bound peptides transported by MHC complex class II to the cell surface
4. Th2 cell recongizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC class II and activates B cell
(B cell will become plasma cell)

Front 91

What is cell distruction called?

Back 91

apoptosis

Front 92

Where are B cells educated? T cells?

Back 92

B cells-BM
T cells-thymus

Front 93

What is the use of clonal expansion?

Back 93

-Expansion of specific clones of lymphocytes in response to pathogen (ensures specificity)
-used to prevent an IR against "self-antigens"

Front 94

Describe how T cells are selected to send out?

Back 94

1. In the Thymus: T cell progeniters give rise to billions of thymocytes, each with a different T cell receptor
2. Thymocytes are POSITIVELY selected by epithelial cells in the CORTEX of the thymus (if it can recognize MHC class I)
3. Positively selected thymocytes survive and divide
4. Positively selected thymocyte NEGATIVELY selected in the thymus medulla
5. Clones surviving negative selection (did not bind too tightly to MHC class I) leave the thymus for circulation
LESS THAN 1% MAKE IT!

Front 95

What is the process of Neutralization?

Back 95

1. bacterial toxins attach to cell with receptors for these
2. Ab comes and attach
3. ingestion and destruction by phagocyte

Front 96

What is the process of Opsonization? How is complement involved?

Back 96

1. Bacteria in extracellular space
2. Ab attach to bacteria
3. ingestion/degrade by phagocyte
Complement: can attach to initiate effector mechanisms of the innate IR

Front 97

What is the point of Neutralization?

Back 97

cover up binding site

Front 98

What is the point of Opsonization?

Back 98

coating around bacteria

Front 99

What does the Primary IR do? Secondary?

Back 99

results in memory clones
Secondary: Quicker, more robust because already have memory cells from primary rxn

Front 100

What is SCID?

Back 100

An immunodeficiency disease: inherited, Leathal, lacks B and T cells

Front 101

What is DiGeorge syndrome?

Back 101

lack thyms, immunodeficiency diseases, inherited

Front 102

What is a pahtogen induced immunodeficiency diseases?

Back 102

HIV

Front 103

What are some unwanted effects of adaptive immunity?

Back 103

1. Allergies: making Ab IgE to innocuous substances
2. Autoimmune disease: chromic immune responses that gradually affect the target tissue/organ
3. Graft rejection: Tissue/organ transplantation or Bm transplants (must be matched properly)

Front 104

What are some examples of a autoimmune dieseases?

Back 104

Celiac disease, RA, Graves

Front 105

What cell produces antibodies? other characteristics?

Back 105

B cell (secreted form of Ig)
circulate in blood (makes up a lot of the plasma)
Function: to bind pathogens and their products

Front 106

What are molecules that an antibody attaches to called?

Back 106

antigen
-can be macro molecule
-usually protein or CHO
-binding of Ah can disable pathogen and make it more suspetible to destruction

Front 107

How is a B cell activated?

Back 107

Prior to activation: holds a membrane bound Ig which serves as receptor for Ag
-B cell encounters Ab and is stimulated to proliferate to plasma cells and secrete Ab of the same specificity as membrane boung Ig

Front 108

What is the function of Ab?

Back 108

recognize and bind to complementary Ag and target them for destruction by other components of the IR

Front 109

The Fc portion is AKA?
Fab?

Back 109

constant portion
variable portion

Front 110

Describe the major aspects of an Ab?

Back 110

-glycoprotein
-2 polypeptide chains (2 L, 2 H)
-Y shaped (covalently linked by disulfide bond)

Front 111

Describe what the experment with papain and pepsin told scientists?

Back 111

Papain: broke Ab to 3 fragments
pepsin: produces 2 fragments (top unhooks from bottom)

Front 112

What are hypervariable regions?

Back 112

AA differences in variable domains of H & L chains

Front 113

What is an epitope?

Back 113

area of Ag that binds Ab
AKA antigenic determinant

Front 114

If the surface of the pathogen is complex and contains several epitopes, what is it called? What about repeated...draw?

Back 114

multivalent

Front 115

Describe the process of Monoclonal antibodies?

Back 115

*capable of detecting and quantifying Ag* used clincally/research
1. B cells from mouse immunized with Ag
2. Mix with Myeloma cells
3. fuse cells
4. grow in drug containing medium, only hybrid cells live
5. select for antigen-specific hybridoma
6. cone-selected hybridoma cells
PRODUCES AB FOR SPECIFIC AG

Front 116

What is flow cytometry?

Back 116

1. Mixture of cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies
2. stream of fluid drops through dector and gives read-out

Front 117

What is unique about Ig diversity in the inheritance through the germ line?

Back 117

-Ig genes are fragmented in all cell but B cells, cannot be expressed
-contains alternative versions of V region
-SOMATIC RECOMBINATION: rearrange to express

Front 118

Explain the process of Ig genes becoming able to be expressed?

Back 118

-rearranged to make functional gene
-only in developing B cells (during development of B cells from B cell precursors in the BM)
-when gene rearrangment is complete, H & L chains are produced and membrane bound Ig appears on the surface
-B celll now recognized and responds to Ag through this receptor

Front 119

How is the V region of a light chain encoded?

Back 119

combination of a V and one J segment

Front 120

How is the C region encoded?

Back 120

by single C gene

Front 121

How is heavy chain of V region encoded?

Back 121

one V to one D, then to one J (all of this=somatic recombination)

Front 122

What is somatic recombination?

Back 122

During B cell development, V, D, J (by VDJ recombinase) segments cut and spliced by DNA recombination
*Occurs in somatic cells
-a single gene segment of each type brought together to form a DNA sequence that codes for a V regions of a Ig chain

Front 123

What is another aspect of somatic recombination that adds lots of diversity?

Back 123

RAG1 and RAG2: recombination activating genes (made only in lymphocytes)
*Randomly cuts and adds nucleotides) adds 3X10^7 possibilites

Front 124

What is the only isotype that can be produced by a naive B cell?

Back 124

IgM and IgD

Front 125

How are IgM and IgD produced simuletanesouly?

Back 125

splicing of primary RNA transcript
NO REARRANGEMENT OF GENOMIC DNA

Front 126

What causes the transcription to proceed to make the H chain?

Back 126

rearrangment of VD and J gene segments at H chain loci brings promotor and enhancer close together=transcription
Resultant: mRNA is spliced and translated to H chain protein

Front 127

What is allelic exculsion?

Back 127

Process of Ig genes rearrangement being controlled:
-only one H and on L chain expressed, even though get total of 2 from parents
-ensures B cells will produce and Ig single Ag specificity

Front 128

What are the steps of Ig production/

Back 128

-first made in membrane bound form
-present on B cell surface
-H chain associates w/cell membrane
-Ig enter ER as soon as synthesized: the H and L associate w/ea other in ER
-must be transported with Ig alpha and Ig beta to travel to surface the form B cell receptor

Front 129

What is the Ig component of the B cell responsible for?

Back 129

binding Ag
-long tail of Ig alpha and Ig B interact with intracellular proteins
-signal B cell to divide and differeentiate

Front 130

What does encountering an Ag for a B cell do?

Back 130

triggers proliferation and differenetiation (secreation of Ab)

Front 131

What is a major difference between IgM and IgD?

Back 131

IgM: produced in large amounts, important for protective immunity
IgD: produced in small amts, NO KNOW FUNC!

Front 132

What are the two forms of Ig?

Back 132

bound and secreted

Front 133

What is the transmembrane portion of an Ig molecule known as?

Back 133

carboxy terminus, C terminus

Front 134

What is somatic hyeprmutation?

Back 134

*After encounter with Ag, further diversification happens in the V (H/L) domain coding sequences
-Randomly inserts single nucleotide substitutents (point mutations) at high rate in the V region
=mutant Ig which is good may have higher affinity for Ag

Front 135

What is isotype switching?

Back 135

Recombination within the cluster of C genes
**Ag specificity remains UNCHANGED**

Front 136

What does neutralizing Ab do?

Back 136

-directly inactivates pathogens/toxins
-prevent interaction with cells

Front 137

What does Opsonization do?

Back 137

-coating of pathogens with a protein =more efficiently ingested by phagocytes

Front 138

Describe characteristics of the IgM.

Back 138

First Ab produced!
-Made by plasma cells in LN, SPL, BM, circulates in PB and lympth
-multiple binding sites
-when bound, exposed site of the constant region can interact with complement
followded by: IgG production

Front 139

What are some characteristics of IgG?

Back 139

MOST Abundant Ab!
-smaller and more flexible than IgM
**can recruit phagocytic cells and activate complement
***CAN CROSS PLACENTA!***

Front 140

Characteristics of IgA?

Back 140

*Monomeric (Made by plasma cells)
**Dimeric: made in lymphoid tissue underlying musosal surfaces
-secreted into the lumen of the gut
-also found in milk, saliva, sweat/tears

Front 141

Characteristics of IgE?

Back 141

-highly specialized for activation of mast cells
-present in epithelial cells
-triggers inflammatory rxn when bound to mast cells
-involved in expulsion of womrs and other parasites
-major impact on allergies