Immunology: Test 1: 2. Structure And Function Of The Immune System

Front 1

1. What are the primary organs of the immune system and what do they do? 3

Back 1

a. the thymus, bone marrow, and fetal liver
b. Primary organs are locations where lymphoid cells originate from precursor cells and differentiate into mature functional cells

Front 2

2. What are the secondary immune organs and what do they do? 3

Back 2

a. lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
b. secondary organs are where immunologic cells encounter antigen which stimulates cell division and further differentiation into effector cells

Front 3

3. What is the job of B lymphocytes? T?

Back 3

a. B: Antibody production
b. T: regulators, helpers, killers

Front 4

4. Explain the role of Antigen-presenting cells (APC) please give 3 examples

Back 4

a. T-cells must have antigenic peptides presented
b. Ex: dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

Front 5

5. What do B cells differentiate into? What does this lead to?

Back 5

a. Differentiate into plasma cells
b. These produce the antibody

Front 6

6. Where do B cells develop? What do they act as?

Back 6

a. Develop in bone marrow
b. Act as antigen-presenting cells

Front 7

7. Where do T cells develop?

Back 7

a. Thymus

Front 8

8. What do T cells produce?

Back 8

a. Cytokines (which have various effects)

Front 9

9. Do NK cells have recognizable antigen receptors?

Back 9

No

Front 10

1. What are 2 types of cells that NK’s can kill?

Back 10

a. Tumor and virus-infected cells

Front 11

11. What are NKT cells?

Back 11

a. small percentage of lymphocytes which respond to lipid and glycolipid antigens

Front 12

12. List the cells of the immune system and their general function. 6

Back 12

a. T and B Lymphocytes
b. Antigen-presenting cells
c. Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
d. Inflammatory cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells)
e. Macrophages

Front 13

13. Where does hematopoiesis initially occur? Where does it primarily occur after fetal development?

Back 13

a. Starts: Fetal liver and spleen
b. Moves to: bone marrow

Front 14

14. When the body has abnormal demand for bone marrow, what 2 cites can the body call upon to help the bone marrow?

Back 14

a. Liver and spleen (remember their initial role fetally)

Front 15

15. What allows cells to develop and commit to certain pathways?

Back 15

a. Hematopoietic growth factors and Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)
b. Aka can determine RBC vs WBC etc

Front 16

16. What happens to precursor T cells after they leave the bone marrow?

Back 16

a. They move to the thymus for “education”

Front 17

17. What 3 things occur during thymic education?

Back 17

a. T cell receptor gene rearrangement and expression
b. Positive selection of MHC-restricted T Cells
c. Negative selection (deletion) of self-reactive clones

Front 18

18. What are the 2 divisions of the spleen?

Back 18

a. Red and white pulp

Front 19

19. What is the job of the Red pulp

Back 19

a. Focuses on RBCs
b. Filters and sorts through dying RBCs
c. Occurs as cords of billroth

Front 20

20. What is the job of the White pulp? What are the 2 divisions within the white pulp?

Back 20

a. Focus on WBC
b. PALS= T cells
c. PWP= B cells

Front 21

21. What happens in the cords of Billroth?

Back 21

a. Strips of RBCs that are to be destroyed and recycled

Front 22

22. What are the 3 parts of a lymph node?

Back 22

a. Cortex, Paracortical Zone, Medulla

Front 23

23. What type of cells comprise the majority in the cortex of a lymph node?

Back 23

B cells

Front 24

24. What type of cells make up the paracortex of a lymph node (mostly)

Back 24

a. T cells

Front 25

25. What is in the medulla of a lymph node?

Back 25

a. Cords with reticular cells and plasma cells

Front 26

26. What is MALT?

Back 26

a. Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue
i. Lymphoid cells and follicles of the mucus membranes
ii. Basically an aggregation of lymphoid cells

Front 27

27. Where are 3 places (general) that MALT is located

Back 27

a. Respiratory, GI, and urogenital regions

Front 28

28. What are Peyer’s Patches?

Back 28

a. MALT in Ileum (small intestine)

Front 29

In general terms, what is antibody? Complement? Cytokines?

Back 29

a. Immunoglobulin (antibody) - antigen-specific proteins produced by plasma cells
b. Complement proteins - a system of plasma proteins that ‘complement’ the immune response and inflammation
c. Cytokines - small proteins that act as intercellular communicator molecules

Front 30

30. What are Cell Adhesion Molecules?

Back 30

a. mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix attachments, important for cell movement and migration

Front 31

31. What is/are the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

Back 31

a. the cell-surface proteins that distinguish “self” from “non-self”, the molecules recognized as foreign on tissue grafts, and also the molecules that actually “present” antigens to T-lymphocytes. Two major classes of MHC molecules are involved in antigenic peptide presentation, Class I and Class II MHC.

Front 32

32. What are CD Molecules?

Back 32

a. The “CD” nomenclature system identifies various cell-surface molecules, many of which have been found to be important as cell adhesion receptors, receptors for cytokines, proteins that send activation signals into the cell, and convenient molecules for phenotyping cells into various categories.

Front 33

What is the function of neutrophils?

Back 33

are phagocytic cells that are the “first line of defense” against microorganisms

Front 34

What is the structure of a neutrophil?

Back 34

The nucleus is segmented (2 to 5 lobes)

Front 35

What is the job of Eosinophils?

Back 35

They increase in number in allergic reactions and in parasitic infections

Front 36

What is the structure of Eosinophils?

Back 36

have a bi-lobed nucleus and their cytoplasm is filled with eosinophilic granules

Front 37

What is the structure of basophils

Back 37

bi-lobed nucleus that is obscured by deeply basophilic granules in the cytoplasm

Front 38

What role do Basophils play
?

Back 38

Basophils play a role in some types of hypersensitivity reactions.

Front 39

List at least three cell types that can function as antigen-presenting cells.

Back 39

dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

Front 40

What are Peyer’s Patches and what role do they play in the immune system?

Back 40

Have a ton of B cells, T cells, phagocytes in small intestine (illeum)

Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating the generation of the immune response within the mucosa

Front 41

what are hematopoietic growth factors and Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Back 41

cause Cells to develop and commit to certain pathways

examples: IL3, Stem Cell Factor, Granulocyte-Monocyte