Immunology Test 1

Front 1

List the cells that are APCs

Back 1

Monocytes
Macrophages
APC DCs (not follicular DCs)
B cell

Front 2

List the cells that are phagocytes

Back 2

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
~Eosinophils

Front 3

What is a 'left shift'

Back 3

Neutrophilia. PMN>8,000
See lots of band cells (immature) indicates bacterial infection

Front 4

Receptor/Marker Monocyte

Back 4

CD14
LPS receptor

Front 5

Receptor/Marker B cells

Back 5

CD19, CD20, CD21
(EBV uses CD21)

Front 6

Receptor/Marker T cells
Th
Tc
Treg

Back 6

All=CD3,TCR
Th=CD4
Tc=CD8, CTL
Treg=CD4, CD25

Front 7

Receptor/Marker NK cells

Back 7

CD16a
CD57

Front 8

Receptor/Marker Mast cells

Back 8

IgE receptor
C3a receptor

Front 9

Receptor/Marker Basophils

Back 9

IgE receptor
C3a receptor

Front 10

Amount of Cells in WBC

Back 10

Neutrophils
Love (lymphocytes)
Making (macrophages)
Everything (eosinophils)
Better (basophils)

Front 11

Th function

Back 11

produce cytokines

Front 12

Treg function

Back 12

limit immune response and control auto-reactive lymphocytes

Front 13

Tc function

Back 13

direct cell killing of tumor cells and virally infected cells
(MHC restricted)

Front 14

Lymph node
lymphocyte path
antigen paht

Back 14

Lymphocytes enter via arterial blood and leave via efferent lymphatic vessel
Ag (often with DC) enter node via HEV (T/B cells bind L-selectin to enter HEV)

Front 15

Spleen
lymphocyte path
Ag path

Back 15

Lymphocytes enter via marginal sinus- B cells->follicles T cells -> PALS
Ag enter via splenic a and trapped by splenic DC/macrophages

Front 16

Defensin structure

Back 16

amphipathic
aa chains + hydrophobic aa chains
Allows interaction with meicrobial membranes --> microbial pores
Defensins in SI and epithelial surfaces

Front 17

Cytokines inducing myeloid stem line + what cells come from this line?

Back 17

IL3 + GM-CSF

erthrocytes, megakaryocytes (platelets), basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, granulocyte-monocyte progenitor --> neutrophil + monocyte
(monocyte-->macrophage + DC)

Front 18

Cytokines inducing Lymphoid stem line + what cells come from this line?

Back 18

IL3 + IL7
T cells, B cells, NK cells

Front 19

Synthesis of NO

Back 19

L-arginine + O2 --> L-citrulline + NO
Done by NOS

Front 20

Syntesis of superoxide anion, H2O2, ClO-

Back 20

NADPH + 2O2 --> NADP+ + 2O2- + H+
Done by NADPH oxidase

Front 21

Pathogen binds TLR --> stimulates what TFs
And function of TF?
Where are TLRs found?

Back 21

NK-kB + IRF-3
NK-kB involved in costimulation
IRF-3 stimulates type 1 interferons
TLRs on mostly innate cells

Front 22

What is costimulation?

Back 22

NK-kB causes APCs to upregulate cell surface expression of costimulatory molecules B7 molecules: CD80 and CD86
This is necessary (along with MHCs) to activate T cells

Front 23

Type 1 interferons:
Released by? In response to?
3 functions?

Back 23

IFNa + INF-B
Released by macrophages in response to viral components binding TLRs.

[can use interferons to treat viral infections (viral hepatitis)]
1. Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
2. Increase expression of ligands for NK cell receptors
3. Activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Front 24

NK Cell's granules

Back 24

Perforin - monomers polymerize to form channel
Granzymes - serine esterases, granzymes enter target cell through perforin channel and activate caspases (involved in apoptotic pathway)

Front 25

Functions of cytokines:
Pleiotropism?
Redundency?
Synergy?
Antagonism?

Back 25

P: one cytokine has multiple effects
R: many cytokines do the same function
S: cytokines work together to function
A: cytokines can have opposite effects

Front 26

IFN-y
Released by?
Acts on? - function?
Th2 Cells?
Macrophage?
DC
NK
B cell

Back 26

CD4 Th1 Cells, Tc Cells, + NK cells
MAJOR FUNCTION = INCREASED MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF MACROPHAGES
Th2 = decreased proliferation and production of IL-4 + IL-5
Macrophage = INCREASED MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY, increased expression of MHC II
DC= increased exp of MHC II
NK= increased cytotoxic activity
B cell= increased differentiation and Ab production

Front 27

C' Classical Pathway starts with

Back 27

Activated by immune complexes binding C1 complex
Requires Ab:Ag complexes on pathogen surfaces
C3 convertasse = C4b2b

Front 28

C' MB-lectin Pathway

Back 28

Requires mannose binding lectin to bind pathogen. Macrophages timulate liver to secrete acute phase proteins including mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
C3 convertase = C4b2b

Front 29

C' Alternative Pathway

Back 29

Pathogen induced spontaneous cleave of C3.
C3 convertase = C3bBb

Front 30

Deficiency in C1 inhibitor
What is it?
Sx?

Back 30

Hereditary Angiodedema
C1 remains active - continuous creation of C3 and C5 convertasses. Get lots of C3a/C5a anaphylatoxins
Sx: excessive swelling at sites of bacterial entry (airways - get asphyxiation/death)

Front 31

Defect in cell surface expression DAF and CD59

Back 31

normalling keeps MACs from forming
Get excess C' activation - especially on RBC surfaces
Get recurrent bouts of intravascular hemolysis --> hemolytic anemai + venous thrombosis

Front 32

5 signs of inflammation

Back 32

heat, redness, edema, pain, loss of function

Front 33

Extravasation Process

Back 33

1. Rolling Adhesion =
Leukocyte has selectin ligand that binds selectin on endothelium (endothelial expression of E and P-selectins is rapidly upregulated by TNF and IL-1)
2. Integrin activation =
Integrins on leukocyte are activated by chemokines
3. Stable adhesion =
High affinity integrins on leuokocyte have strong interaction with CAM on endothelium.

Front 34

LAD-1
LAD-2
(leukocyte adhesion deficiencies)

Back 34

LAD-1: failure of WBC expression of CD18 = B2 chain of integrins
LAD-2: failure in expression of CD15s sialyl Lewis-X = ligand for E and P selectins
Sx: pts have elevated WBCs with recurrent apustualr bacterial infections (delayed umbilical cord seperation)

Front 35

IL-12
Secreted by:
Local Action:

Back 35

S: tissue macrophages in response to Ag
LA: NK cell activation; induces differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells

Front 36

IL-8
Secreted by:
Local Action

Back 36

Tissue macrophages is response to Ag
LA: chemoattractant for WBCs= neutrophils, basophils and T cells to site of infection

Front 37

IL-1
Local Action:
Systemic Action:

Back 37

LA: Activates vascular endothelium (upregulates E and P selectins), activates lymphocytes, local tissue, destruction increases access of effector cells
SA: Fever production of IL-6

Front 38

TNF-a
Local Action:
Systemic Action:

Back 38

LA: Activates vascular endothelium and permeability (upregulates E and P-selectin on endotheium), leads to increased entry of IgG, C' and cells to tissue and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
SA: fever mobilization of metabolites, Shock

Front 39

IL-6
Local Action:
Systemic Action:

Back 39

LA: Lymphocyte activation, increased Ab production
SA: fever induces acute-phase protein production

Front 40

IFN-y
Local Action:
Secreted by:

Back 40

LA: Drives granulomatous infalmmation
S: Th cells

Front 41

Granulomatous Inflammation is driven by what cells producing which cytokine?

Back 41

Th cells producing IFN-y - which stimulates macrophages to become epithelioid cells.

Front 42

2 examples of a mitogen

Back 42

LPS
Superantigen

Front 43

3 examples of a hapten

Back 43

Poison Ivy
Penicillin
Conjugate vaccines

Front 44

4 things that affect variability of immune response among different people

Back 44

physical state of Ag
biological/therapeutic manipulation of the immune response
Genetics
'holes' in the immune system