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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main innate immune response to viruses?
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Infected cells releasing IFN-a/beta inducing an antiviral state in surrounding cells and stimulating NK cells.
NK cells (and others) secreting INF-gamma stimulating the adaptive immune system and directly inhibiting viral replication |
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What receptor inhibits NK cells and is down-regulated by infected cells?
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MHC I - Down regulation in tumours also leads to NK attack.
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What is the mechanism of CTL and NK killing?
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CTL and NK cells insert perforin into the infected cell membrane and this allows the diffusion of granzymes into the cell which then digest the cell from the inside.
CTL cells can also activate the death ligand FasL |
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What is the caspase cascade?
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A cascade which results in programmed cell death, activated by may things (granzymes, p53) (and inhibited to)
e.g. APAF-1 + cytochrome C + procaspase = apoptosome -> caspase 9 -> effector caspase 3 |
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What indicators of HIV help prognosis and monitoring?
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HIV viral load, Gag-specific CTL and CD4+ levels
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What do neutralising antibodies do?
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Bind to extracellular virions and inhibit there entry into cells
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Which cytokines are released by APCs to induce type 1 and 2 CD4+ cells
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IL-12 - Th1
IL-4/13 - Th2 |
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Which cytokines are released by the different CD4+ cells types and there effects?
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Th1
IL-2 - Promote proliferation and differation of Th1 and CTL cells INF-gamma - Inhibits Th2, activates macrophages and increased APC MHC expression Th2 IL-4/13 - proliferation and differentiation of B-cells and Th2 IL-10 inhibits Th1 and down regulates MHC II in APCs |
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What does IL-5 do?
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Trigger isotype switching to IgA in b-cells and eosinophil differentiation and proliferation
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What does IL-6 do?
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Promote the acute phase response - Hepatocytes
Proliferation and differation of T and B cells. Overall inflammatory booster |
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How do you define IgA deficiency and what infections are these people more susceptible to?
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No/low IgA in presence of normal IgG levels.
More GI infections and infection of mucous membranes (resp, GU) |
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What is X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, related susceptibilities and treatment?
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Affects bruton's tyrosine kinase essential in B-cell maturation
- Low IgX and circulating B-cells - Respiratory infection and general - IVIG |
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What is common variable immunodeficiency?
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Collection of different disorders which lead to hypogammaglobulinaemia via affect on B-cells
- Presents at any age |
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What is SCID and treatment?
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Affects both T and B cells and essentially leaves the host completly lacking adaptive immunity.
- X-linked and autosomal - more common in males - sudden infantile death - Extreme susceptibility to all infection esp viral and fungal. - NO LIVE VACCINES, agressive infection treatment, IVIG, marrow transplant, Prophylactic penicillin and anti-fungals |
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Describe Omenn's Syndrome, inheritance and pathology
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Autosomal recessive with graft vs host like symptoms - Few T-cells with a high affinity for self leading to
- desquamation - skin shedding - Chronic diarrhoea - Erythroderma - Red skin - Hepatosplenomegaly |
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Di george syndrome is caused by a microdeletion of 22q11 and has varying severity, what affects are there on immunity?
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Incomplete thymic development affect T-cells, increased incidence of AI, viral infections and variable immunodeficiency ranging from mild to severe.
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What causes hereditary angioedema?
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C1 inhibitor deficiency
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Describe the 2 different leukocyte adhesion deficiencies
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LAD I - A problem with intergrin interaction between endothelium and leukocyte stoping migration through the cell layer
LAD II - Problem with selectin interaction stopping rolling |
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A failure of the neutrophil respiratory burst is known as?
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Chronic Granulomatous disease
- Difficulting killing normal bacteria so treat it liek TB |
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2nd ID - List drug related causes
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Steriods, anti-epileptics, gold, chemotherapy
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2nd ID - List infective related causes
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HIV - CD4+ cell count falls
- Other infections generally |
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2nd ID - List physiological related causes
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Ageing, pregnancy
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2nd ID - List tumour related causes
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Haemotological problems - leukaemia, myeloma
Non-haemotological causes generally |
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2nd ID - List protein lossing related causes
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Nephrotic sydrome - Leaky glomeruli leading to protien loss
Nephritic syndrome - leaking of protein and RBd (haematuria) Burns Diet |
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A splenectomy runs risks like overwhelming post-splenectomy infection. What precautions must be taken?
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Life long penicillin
Vacinnation (preferably 2 weeks before) esp to encapsulated bacteria |
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What is HAART and when is it used?
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Highly active anti-retroviral therapy - HIV
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What is serology and what information can it give us?
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Study of blood serum and looks for Ig levels and types, antigen presence, complements.....
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