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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an anaerobic organism?
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Any organism that cannot survive in an oxygen environment
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Descrbe Koch-Henle postulates
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1. Isolate the organism
2. Propagate in pure culture in-vitro 3. Re-inoculate and reproduce the disease 4. Re-isolate the organism again and be identical to original causative agent |
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What are the bodies physical defences (3) and cellular (2)
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1.Skin, GI, Respiratory - epithelium
2. Mucous membranes 3. Cilia, peristalsis (mechanical) 4. Normal Microbiota 5. WBCs |
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What are the bodies chemical defences?
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1.Antibodies
2. Complements 3. Secretions - Stomach acid, tears and saliva |
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What are the reflexes which act to defence the body?
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Coughing - remove sputum
Vomiting and diarrhoea - Remove toxins and organisms |
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What are the salient features of the innate immune system?
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1. Has no memory
2. Same response each time it encounters an oganism 3. Rapid response |
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What are the salient features of the adaptive immune system?
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1. First encounter slow response and induced immunity
2. Develops memory and handles recurring encounter with the same organism much faster. |
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What are the 3 pathways of complement activation?
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Classical pathway - Ab:Ag complexing
MB(mannose binding)-lectin pathway - Lectin binding to surface pathogen Alternate pathway - Pathogen surface |
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What are the actions of C3a,4a and 5a?
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Act as anaphylotoxins which trigger mast cell, endothelial and phagocyte deganulation.
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What are the actions of C3b?
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Acts as an opsonin and activates C5 convertase (C4b2a3b)
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What is the action of C5b and what other complements get involved?
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Activates MAc (membrane attack complex of C5b6789n)
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What is a PAMP and name 4 examples?
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Pathogen associated molecular patern - LPS, lipoglycans, dsRNA, Mannose
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What is a TLR and identify what PAMP TLR-1,2,3,4 detect?
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Toll-like receptor
1 - lipopeptides 2- lipoproteins/glycolipids 3 - dsRNA 4 - LPS |
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How do TLR receptors help APCs determine the cytokines release and therefore the type of active CD4+ cell?
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Different TLR are associated with intracelllular and extracellular pathogen. Therefore they can differntiate which response is most appropiate.
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What substances are used in the respiratory burst?
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Hydorgen peroxide, Hydroxal radical, superoxide, hypohalite, NO, singlet oxygen
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What substances are involved in the oxygen independant killing mechanisms?
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Lysozymes - split mucopeptides in bacterial cell wall
Lactoferrin - Deprive bacteria of Fe needed for cell proliferation Cationic proteins - Destabilise bacterial cell membranes Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes - Digestion |
