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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the term antibody mean?
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the term for an immunoglobulin that we know the antigen it is specific for
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what does the term immunoglobulin mean?
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a term for an antibody if we don't know the specificity of the moleucle
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what are the components of an antibody?
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two heavy chains,
two light chains, 2 N-termini, C-termini, hinge region, variable/ constant regions, antigen binding sites |
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what components result from proteolytic cleavage by papain of Ig?
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2 Fab and an Fc
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what does Fab stand for/ determind?
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Fragment Antigen Binding/ specificity
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what does Fc stand for/ determine?
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Fragment Crystallizable/ biological function
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what forms the antigen-binding site of an antibody?
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the hypervariable regions
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what are the hypervariable regions of an antibody?
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Within the variable region of the heavy and light chain are hypervariable regions that make up the complementary determining region on the antigen-binding site
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where are hypervariable regions that form antigen-binding sites found on? And what does it make up?
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tips of the antibody and it makes up the complementary determining region
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CDRs that make up the paratope that bind to the?
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epitope on the antigen
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what are the isotypes of Ig?
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IgA,
IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM |
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which genes determines the isotype of Ig?
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the heavy chain genes
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how many isotypes of heavy chain genes are there?
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5
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what do the different light chain genes encode?
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kappa (κ) or lambda (λ)
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what are isotypes?
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classes of immunoglobulins
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what is another term for the classes of immunoglobulins?
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isotypes
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isotypes are determined by what?
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differences in heavy chains that are encoded by different genes and have different biological functions
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what are subclasses of antigens?
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differences within isotypes that are encoded by different genes that have species variability
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where is IgG found?
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it is the major Ig found in serum, lymph, CSF
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where is IgM found?
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in serum and lymph?
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where is IgA found?
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saliva, mucus, sweat, tears, milk, low levels in serum
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where is IgE found?
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attached to mast cell and basophil membranes via Fc region and in low concentrations in the serum
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where is IgD found?
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on B cell surface, but not in all species
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which Ig isn't found in all species?
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IgD
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what is the function of the Fab region of an antibody?
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antigen binding
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what is the region that binds antigen to antibody?
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Fab region
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Fab regions bind antigen to what?
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antibodies
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what is a unique feature about the antigen binding sites on antibodies?
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identicle to each other
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how many antigen binding sites are on an antibody?
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2
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what do the antigen binding sites of an antibody bind to?
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two identical epitopes
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what are examples of the type of epitopes an antibody might bind to?
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linear and discontinuous
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what is another term for antigenic determinants?
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epitopes
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what is another term for epitopes?
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antigenic determinants
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antigen to antibody binding uses what interactions?
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non-covalent
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what are examples of antigen-antibody interaction?
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antigen valence and antibody valence
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what are non-covalent interations?
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electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic forces
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what is the function of the Fc region of an antibody?
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binds to Fc receptors (IgG),
complement activation (IgM,), transport across epithelial surfaces (IgA & IgM), mast cell degranulation (IgE) |
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what is the region that binds antibody to other immune cells?
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Fc Region
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Fc regions bind antigen to what?
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immune cells
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how does Fc region transport IgA and IgM across epithelial surfaces?
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binds the Ig, receptor mediated endocytosis, transport to apical face of epithelial cell, cleave receptor and bind Ig to mucus through secretory piece
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how does Fc region degranulate mast cells?
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resting mast cell contains preformed granules of histamine/inflammatory mediators, then multivalent antigen cross-links the IgE antibody bound at the mast-cell surfact, causing release of granule contents
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what is a phagosome?
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a membrane-bounded vesicle created by phagositizng a pathogen
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what is a phagolysosome?
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a phagosome that has fused with lysosomes
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what is a membrane-bounded vesicle created by phagositizng a pathogen?
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phagosome
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what is a phagosome combined with lysosomes?
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phagolysosome
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what is neutralization?
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binding of antibodies to bacterial toxins which are ingested and destroyed by phagocyte
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what is opsonization?
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binding of antibodies to pathogens which may also activate complement resulting in ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte
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what is the valence of antigens?
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most are multivalent
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what does multivalent antigens do?
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multiple different antibodies can bind a single antigen or identical antibodies bind multiple repeating epitopes on single antigen
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what is the valence of antibodies?
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most are bivalent (IgM has a theoretical valence of 10 but functional valence of 5)
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how can we detect antibodies?
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inject into a different species and the antibodies will be strong antigens in the other species, then those antibodies formed in response with respond to framework regions (ie antibodies to feline IgG recognize all feline IgG) & serum protein electrophoresis
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Isotypic differences show up between?
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species so mouse igG is different than human igG
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Allotypic differences between?
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Allotypic differences between individual, that plays important role in skin graphs
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Idiotypic are differences between?
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Individual antibody molecule within an individual
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Expression of IgD
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Expression of IgM
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membrane vs secreted Ig
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somatic hypermutation
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Neutralization
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IgG IgA
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Opsonization
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IgG
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Sensitization for killing by NK cells
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IgG
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Sensitization of mast cells
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IgE
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Activation of complement system
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IgM, IgG
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Transport across epithelium
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IgA
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Diffusion into extravascular sites
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IgG
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