Immunology: Immunopharmacology

Front 1

Name four characteristics of the acute inflammatory response.

Back 1

redness
heat
swelling
pain

Front 2

What is the fundamental role of the immune system?

Back 2

identify self from non-self

Front 3

Name and describe the two components of the immune system

Back 3

Innate IS: stereotyped reactions to general stimuli
Adapted IS: neutralizing responses to specific stimuli

Front 4

What does stimulation of the immune system result in?

Back 4

inflammation and trigger of the adaptive immune system

Front 5

List several barriers that make up the innate IS

Back 5

epithelial cells in the: skin, resp tract, GI tract
tight junctions
mucus and fatty acids (including defensins)
cilia and airflow
digestion
low pH
enzymes

Front 6

What are defensins made by?

Back 6

granulocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) and epithelial cells

Front 7

What type of cells form the external barrier of the body? Internal barrier?

Back 7

epithelial cells!!!!!

Front 8

An intrinsic cellular response, how do cells control the spread of viruses?

Back 8

mammalian cells recognize dsRNA and shut down transcription and translation or by sacrificing the cell

Front 9

Cells have a number of mechanisms that stop viral infections from multiplying. What do these mechanisms depend on?

Back 9

dsDNA and/or IFN-a/-B

Front 10

Identify and describe the peptide mediators of inflammation

Back 10

C3a and C5a (both members of the complement pathway)

-strong chemoattractants
-activate marcophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and basophils

Front 11

What are the three tasks of the innate immune system?

Back 11

1. neutralizing and phagocytizing bacteria and parasites
2. antigen presentation
3. secretion of cytokines to amplify the immune response

Front 12

Name six cell types that are involved in the innate immune system

Back 12

macrophages
dendritic cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils/mast cells
NK cells

Front 13

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

macrophage

Back 13

tissue-resident cell, derived from monocyte

phagocytoses cellular and foreign debris

involved in chronic inflammation

antigen-presenting cell

Front 14

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

dendritic cell

Back 14

transports and present antigen to T cells in lymph nodes

Front 15

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

neutrophil

Back 15

phagocytoses and kills invading pathogens, especially bacteria

Front 16

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

eosinophil

Back 16

defends against parasites

Front 17

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

basophil/mast cell

Back 17

release histamine, leukotrienes, and other mediators after exposure to antigen

Front 18

What function does the following cell play in the innate immune response?

NK cells

Back 18

kill virus-infected tumor cells

Front 19

List and identify several pathogen-associated immunostimulants that activate macrophages and the receptors by which the drugs work

Back 19

peptidoglycan
LPS
flagellin
CpG DNA

all stimulate Toll-like receptors (TLR)

Front 20

What do macrophages secrete?

Back 20

cytokines, eicosanoids, and colony stimulating factors

Front 21

What are neutrophils stimulated by? Through what receptors?

Back 21

fMet (bacterial translation almost always starts with f-Met)

TLRs (like macrophages)

Front 22

What do neutrophils secrete?

Back 22

cytokines
eicosanoids

Front 23

What are NK cells activated by?

Back 23

low levels of class 1 MHC molecules (viruses and bacteria lower these levels)

IL-15, INF-gamma

Front 24

What are dendritic cells activated by?

Back 24

bacterial products

Front 25

What are eosinophils activated by?

Back 25

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-5

Front 26

What are basophils and mast cells activated by?

Back 26

C3a and C5a

Front 27

Which mediators cause vasodilation?

Back 27

PGI2, PGE1, PGE2, PGD2 (prostaglandins)
NO

Front 28

Which mediators cause increased vascular permeability?

Back 28

Histamine
C3a and C5a (Complement)
Bradykinin
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 (Leukotrienes)
Platelet-activating factor

Front 29

Which mediators cause chemotaxis and leukocyte activation?

Back 29

C5a
IL-8
LXA4 and LXB4 (lipoxins)

Front 30

Which mediators cause tissue damage?

Back 30

Neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal products
Oxygen radicals
NO

Front 31

Which mediators cause fever?

Back 31

IL-1, IL-6
TNF
LTB4
LXA4, LXB4

Front 32

Which mediators cause pain?

Back 32

PGE2, PGI2
bradykinin

Front 33

What are the five steps of the inflammatory response?

Back 33

Dilation of vessels
Recruitment of cells
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Resolution

Front 34

Which molecules play the most important role in resolving the inflammatory response?

Back 34

macrophages

Front 35

Which cell types dominate in acute inflammation? Chronic inflammation?

Back 35

acute-neutrophils
chronic-macrophages

Front 36

Describe the humoral or antibody response

Back 36

B cells are activated to secrete antibodies
--circulate in blood to site of action
--antibody binds to target
--T helper cells participate in activating B cells

Front 37

Describe the cell-mediated immune response.

Back 37

Activated T cells react directly against foreign antigens
--may directly kill the cell (cytotoxic T cells)
--may indirectly kill by stimulating macrophages (T helper cells)

Front 38

Describe the maturation of B cells

Back 38

Maturation from stem cell to immature B cell occurs in the bone marrow.

In peripheral lymphoid tissues, mature B cells interact with antigen results in the formation of memory B cells and formation of B cells that are capable of high-rate IgG secretion.

Front 39

antibodies are also known as:

Back 39

immunoglobulins

Front 40

IgA, role and location.

Back 40

found in mucosal areas and prevents colonization by pathogens

Front 41

IgD, role and location.

Back 41

functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens

Front 42

IgE, role and location.

Back 42

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy

Front 43

IgG, role and location.

Back 43

In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta.

Front 44

IgM, role and location.

Back 44

Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high activity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.

Front 45

What are the four components of immunoglobulins?

Back 45

two heavy chains and two light chains

Front 46

Which type of immunoglobulins are the most plentiful?

Back 46

IgG

Front 47

Which immunoglobulin activates complement the strongest?

Back 47

IgM

Front 48

What is another name for CD4 cells? CD8 cells?

Back 48

CD4-T helper cells
CD8-cytotoxic T cells

Front 49

What role do Th2 cells play?
Th1 cells?

Back 49

Th2--activate B cells to produce antibodies
Th1--secrete cytokines to simulate cell-mediated immunity and also stimulate IgE antibody production to kill extracellular pathogens

Front 50

Describe MHC cells

Back 50

major histocompatability complexes

MHC proteins are transmembrane proteins that bind and display on their surface proteolytically degraded protein fragments.

Front 51

Where can MHS Class 1 and Class 2 proteins be found? Which cells do they present antigen to? Which receptor is involved?

Back 51

Class 1--most nucleated cells, Tc cells, CD8

Class 2--antigen-presenting cells, Th cells, CD4

Front 52

Name the two known mechanisms of Tc mediated cell killing

Back 52

Perforin-dependent killing
Fas-dependent killing

Front 53

Where do Th1 and Th2 cells develop?

Back 53

peripheral lymphoid tissue