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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polyclonal antibody
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-mixture of antibodies with different antigenic specificies.
-serum collected from individual is polyclonal -in labs, polyclonal antibodies are raised by injecting antigens into an animal followed by collection o antibody-containing serum weeks later |
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Monoclonal antibodies
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-one type of antibody
-one antigen specificity -B cell lymphomas are used to generate monoclonal anitbodies -in labs, monoclonal antibody is produced from B cell hybridoma |
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Hybridoma
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fusion of tumor cell and plasma antibody producing cell. use selective medium PEG to select for specific hybridoma by testing for antibody production using ELISA.
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Chimeric Antibodies
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-antibodies genreated in an animal but with human Fc domain. if not human Fc domain, it would berecognized as foreign.
-can be used to activate complement pathway and to avoid serum sickness which results from circulating ag-ab complexes |
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Coombs' Test
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Direct: detects presence of antigen on patient RBC's. RBC antigen and antibodies are added. if they bind or dont bind is detected using coombs reagent to cause agglutination
Indirect: detects patient serum against donor RBC's. then, add coomb's reagent to detect whether or not Ig in serum has bound to RBC antigen. if it did, it will cause clumping. |
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Vaccine
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-any biolgically derived substance that elicits a protective immune response when administered to a susceptible host
-first effective trial: smallpox, 1796, edward jenner |
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Vaccine Goal
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-community: stops the spread of microbes by reducing the number of susceptible hosts. herd immunity
-protection of population against: pertussis, diptheria, tetanus, rabies. -elimination of poliomyelitis in west, small pox worldwide, rinderpest worldwide. |
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Herd Immunity
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% of population immunized so there won't be susceptible individuals to be infected. % varies with disease.
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Passive Immunization
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-antibody or antibody containing serum is injected into a susceptible individualto provide rapid, temporary protection or treatment.
ex: neonatal Ig. IgG and IgM. ex: immunization of mothers with tetanus reduces incidence of neonatal tetanus |
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Passive Immunization DisAd
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-Ig short lived
-maternal Ig lasts for months |
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Passive Immunization Ad.
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-prevent disease after a known exposure - ie. exposure to needle contaminated
-reduce symptoms of an ongoing disease -protect immunodefcient individuals -block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause |
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Active Immunization
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-when a person is exposed to specific antigens that induce an immune response
-subsequent exposure = memory cells from first attack, secondary response, more specific antibody reaction |
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attentuated vaccine
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weakened organism
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inactivated vaccine
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inactivated microbe by heat or formalin that is either whole microbe or part of it, like a protein or polysaccharide component/antigen
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DNA vaccines
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recombination. plasmid DNA is injected ito muscle, skin, taken up by macrophage, inducses response
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Autoimmune Definition
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-immune response directed against self-antigens
-1-2% of individuals in population -linked to 1 or more types of hypersensitivity -might be due to failure of self-tolerance and or inadequacey of immune modulation |
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Autoimmune Etiology
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-cause is unknown and complicated, symptoms are heterogeneous, associated elements are multifactorial, inducers and self-targets are often unknown.
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Autoimmune Mechanisms
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-Lack of Fas-FasL
-molecular mimocry -abnormal MHCI and MHC II expression -excessive B cell response -host protein change by drugs -epitope spreading -loss of Treg and suppressors -release of self antigens from privelege sites. -microbe activation of APC to self. |
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Hypersensitivity Type II
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antibody mediated
-mostly IgM and IgG -cytotoxicity |
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Hypersensitivity Type III
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-antigen antibody complex.
-IgM-antigen -IgG-antigen |
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Hypersensitivity Type IV
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T cell mediated. CD4 T cell mediated DTC and CD8 T cell mediated cytotoxicity
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Autoimmune Tx
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-immunosuppressive therapy. cyclosporin
-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory -corticosteroids |
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atopy
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strong Type1 rxn.
-variable allergens. IgE-mast => inflammation and tissue damage |
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Type1
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-IgE.
-mast cells, eos, Th1. -ADCC, inflammation, degranulation -Allergy |
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Type1 Phases
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1. sensitization
-ag exposure, IgE binds FcR on mast 2. elicit -reexposure for cross links. -mast cells release mediators 3.late phase -mast cells release cytokines => inflammation |
