Immunology - Exam I

Front 1

innate immunity

Back 1

immune system that is more evolutionarily older and provides continuous protection of body surfaces

Front 2

adaptive immunity

Back 2

specifically stimulated by an antigen, resulting in clonal selection of antigen-relevant lymphocytes. a more potent immune response to support nonspecific innate immunity; also generates immunological memory

Front 3

inflammation

Back 3

localized protective response to a stimulus that contains and removes the injurious agent; signs are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function...may be acute or chronic

Front 4

mucosa

Back 4

pertaining to surfaces of the body lined by a mucosa and in direct contact with the external environment; specifically the conjunctiva, respiratory tract, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, and mammary glands.

Front 5

lysozyme

Back 5

enzyme found in secretions that disrupts the cell wall of bacteria

Front 6

complement system

Back 6

series of plasma proteins which, when activated, interact sequentially, forming a self-assembling enzymatic cascade and generating biologically active molecules that mediate a range of end processes

Front 7

primary immune response

Back 7

immune response made by an individual on first encounter with a foreign antigen

Front 8

alarmin

Back 8

molecule released by damaged tissue cells that triggers innate immunity and inflammation

Front 9

apoptosis

Back 9

cell death resulting from activation of an internal death program within the cell, leading to DNA degradation, nuclear degeneration and condensation, and phagocytosis of the cell remains

Front 10

antigen

Back 10

substance that initiates a specific immune response; a molecule that can bind to a specific antibody, although some antigens don't elicit antibodies as part of the immune response

Front 11

secondary immune response

Back 11

immune response made by an individual on secondary re-encounter with an antigen; more rapid, more powerful, and longer lasting

Front 12

peristalsis

Back 12

directional motility of the GI tract responsible for the transit of ingesta through the system

Front 13

defensin

Back 13

antimicrobial peptide secreted from epithelial surfaces

Front 14

dendritic cell

Back 14

major APC for a primary immune response; undertakes antigen capture, processing and presentation to T cells, and looks like cytoplasmic dendrites.

Front 15

regulation

Back 15

of an immune response; may be either positive or negative responses

Front 16

vaccination

Back 16

induction of an adaptive immune response with immunological memory by deliberate exposure to an antigen; typically the antigen is an attenuated or killed pathogen and the process of vaccination induces an immune response that can protect the individual from field exposure to virulent pathogens.

Front 17

surfactant protein

Back 17

antimicrobial peptide

Front 18

mast cell

Back 18

a sentinel cell

Front 19

sentinel cell

Back 19

carries PRRs on its cell membrane and is positioned at sites of entry of infectious agents (epithelial surfaces, blood, etc.); upon detection of infectious agents, they release signaling molecules to recruit and activate innate immune mechanisms

Front 20

monocyte

Back 20

becomes a macrophage upon entering tissue cells; a sentinel cell; during inflammation, monocytes exit the bloodstream in large numbers

Front 21

lymph

Back 21

transports antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated

Front 22

lymphoid tissue

Back 22

concerned with immune functions in defending the body against the infections and spread of tumors. It consists of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes

Front 23

mucosal lymphoid tissue

Back 23

diffusion system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin

Front 24

synonyms of innate immunity

Back 24

nonspecific, natural

Front 25

synonyms of adaptive immunity

Back 25

specific, acquired

Front 26

innate immunity

Back 26

low specificity, PAMPs, DAMPs, PRRs, no memory, immediate to rapid timing, exclusion mechanisms (epithelium, antimicrobial substances, normal microbial flora), etc.

Front 27

adaptive immunity

Back 27

high specificity, antigens, antigen receptors, memory produced, late primary response, more rapid secondary response, antibodies at epithelial surfaces, etc.

Front 28

epithelial barrier

Back 28

physical barrier to infection, covered by fluids and/or mucus, fatty acid secretions, and is cleaned by desquamation, peristalsis, mucociliary apparatus, and tears/lashes of the eye

Front 29

mucociliary escalator

Back 29

The mucociliary escalator covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles and nose. It is composed of two basic parts;
1. the mucus-producing goblet cells
2. the ciliated epithelium.

The cilia are continually beating, pushing mucus up and out into the throat. The mucociliary escalator is a major barrier against infection. Microorganisms hoping to infect the respiratory tract are caught in the sticky mucus and moved up by the mucociliary escalator.

Front 30

phospholipase A

Back 30

enzyme present in fluid layer that kills or limits replication of infectious agents on the epithelial surfaces

Front 31

neutrophil

Back 31

During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure,[4] and some cancers,[5][6] neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They migrate through the blood vessels, then through interstitial tissue in a process called chemotaxis.

Front 32

natural killer cell

Back 32

lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity and the only lymphocyte that is a part of innate immunity; roduce large quantities of interferon-gamma, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, as well as multiple other cytokines and chemokines

Front 33

lymph nodes

Back 33

Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. They are packed tightly with the white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages.

Front 34

effector response

Back 34

humoral (mediated by antibodies) or cell-mediated (mediated by T lymphocytes); part of the adaptive immune response

Front 35

alveolar macrophages

Back 35

macrophages situated in air sacs of alveoli to capture and kill organisms that get past the mucociliary apparatus; outside body!

Front 36

T lymphocytes

Back 36

cell-mediated, perform a variety of functions; thymus derived. part of adaptive immunity; have a TCR (T cell receptor); recognize antigens presented from another cell

Front 37

B lymphocytes

Back 37

produce antibodies of immunoglobulins; humoral immunity; bursa derived; make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction

Front 38

spleen

Back 38

It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock while also recycling iron; also contain in its reserve half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.[5] These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing.[5][6][7] It is one of the centers of activity of the reticuloendothelial system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence leads to a predisposition toward certain infections.