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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the difference between the clinical and working definition of inflammation?
Clinical describes symptoms, working is what is actually occurring.
What is the histological definition of inflammation?
Infiltration of tissues by white blood cells
What promotes a inflammatory response?
Presence of foreign bodies
What are the two functions Macrophages perform?
Phagocytosis and produce proinflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-1)
Where is IL-1 synthesized?
Inflammasome
What do cytokines do?
Induce a broad sequence of cellular responses including cell migration, DNA replication, and cell proliferation
At the site of injury/infection what do cytokines do?
Mediate the eradication of invading microbes promoting inflammation and later wound healing.
What do activated macrophages do?
Secrete a range of cytokines
Where are mast cells found?
Skin, GI and urogenital tracts, respiratory system
Why would a mast cell degranulate?
Anaphylactic compounds generated in the context of infection
What is complement factor c5a?
anaphylactic compound.
Where is histamine found?
Mast cells, neurons, skin, gastric mucosa, basophils, and platelets
When will tissue mast cell numbers increase?
At sites of parasite infection or in association with certain chronic allergic diseases or other forms of pathology by recruitment and local maturation of blood precursors and proliferation of resident mast cells.
What can histamine induce?
Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, intestinal motility, and myocardial contractility.
How do neutrophils get to the tissues from the blood?
Extravasation.
How does PMN migrate to the infection site?
IL-8
Adhesion of PMN to the vessel at the infection site is mediated how?
Interactions with select proteins on the endothelium
What are the steps to extravasation?
Rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration
What do eosinophils react with?
Helminthic parasites
How effective are eosinophils as phagocytes?
They’re bad at being phagocytes
What do eosinophils do with the contents of their granules?
Release it to the extracellular mileu
NK cells are attracted to the site of infections by what?
Viruses
How are NK cells activated?
IL12 and IFN
What are the systematic affects of cytokines secreted by macrophages beyond local inflammation?
Fever, production of interleukins, metabolites mobilized, shock, protein production.
What systems does macrophage produced cytokines affect?
Liver, bone marro endothelium, hypothalamus, fat, muscles, dendritic cells
What is characterized by an increase in the levels of various plasma proteins?
The acute phase response.
Is the inflammatory response specific or non-specific?
Non-specific
Where are acute phase response proteins synthesized?
The liver
What is CRP?
A classical acute phase reactant.
How does CRP react to tissue injury, infection, and inflammation
It increases in concentration extensively.
What is the function of acute phase proteins?
Opsonise the microbe, and it can activate complements to kill the bacteria.
How are granulomas formed?
Chronic bacterial infections
What are granulomas?
Collections of specialized macrophages surrounded by T cells
What is the outcome of chronic inflammation?
Damage to the host organs
What type of infections can cause inflammation
bacterial, viral, or worm
How does the body respond to infection/injury
activating soluble mediators and immune cells
What does the activation of soluble mediators and immune cells lead to?
Local inflammation
What causes the liver to produce the acute phase response proteins?
Systemic response via cytokines that will act on the liver
What happens if the injury doesn’t disappear?
Acute inflammation will evolve into chronic inflammation