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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between an immunogen and an antigen?
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An immunogen is a foreign and large complex non-degradeable molecule. Antigens don’t have to follow that pattern. Immunogens are a TYPE of antigen.
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What are the four classes of pathogens?
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1. Extracellular bacteria/parasites/fungi. 2. Intracellular bacteria/parasites. 3. Intracellular viruses. 4. Extracellular Parasitic worms.
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What are the immunology models, and describe the differences between them?
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Self/non-self model. Danger model. Self/non self is just if the immune system recognizes a foreign thing it will attack it. Danger model means that the immune system is responding to “danger signals” due to stress.
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Where are immune cells all derived from?
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Precursor cells in the bone marrow
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Where do lymphocytes mature?
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Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow/thymus)
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Where are immunogens in the lymph/blood carried?
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Lymphoid organs
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How are immunogens in the lymph/blood carried to the lymphoid organs?
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Lymphatic or blood vessels
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What carries the lymphocytes to the heart?
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Vein
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What carries the lymphocytes to the lymphnode?
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Artery
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What is the purpose of a lymphnode?
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Filter immunogens from the lymph, cause lymphocytes to proliferate to generate a specific response
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Why is the spleen relevant?
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Filtering antigen in the blood
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What are peyers patches covered in?
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An epithelial layer containing M cells.
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How does the intestine interact with antigens at the level of mucosal surfaces?
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Peyer patches
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What traps immunogens and allows the interaction of immunogens with immune cells?
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Lymphoid organs
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Difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
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Innate: Fast, no memory, protects against everything the same way. Adaptive: Slow at first, faster upon re-infection. Has a memory. Attacks specific antigens.
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How is specificity generated?
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A random process
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What happens first: Antigen encounter or specificity?
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Specificity
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What happens to lymphocytes that recognize self antigens?
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They are destroyed early in primary lymphoid tissues.
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Why do lymphocytes proliferate?
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In response to antigens in secondary lymphoid tissues
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What do antigen specific effector cells do?
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Mediate adaptive immunity and memory
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What generates antigen specific effector cells?
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Proliferation of lymphocytes after contact with an antigen
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What is the structure of a immunoglobulin?
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A variable region, a constant region. Generally in the shape of a Y.
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What is the structure of a TCR receptor?
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Variable region antigen binding site. Constant region. Alpha and beta sites.
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What explains the different antigen binding specificities between any 2 different B or T cells?
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Amino acid variability (variable structural regoings) in the actual antigen binding sites
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How can the immune response be artificially activated?
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Vacination
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What is the benefit of artificially activating immune responses?
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You introduce the antigen to the system so the adaptive immunity has a chance to gain some memory against the disease.
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In a broad sense, what does the immune system do?
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Defend against infections
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What is the immune system composed of?
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Tissues, cells, and soluble factors
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What are the two branches of the immune system?
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Innate and adaptive
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