Immunology Exam 1 Ch. 1-4

Front 1

The four classes of pathogens

Back 1

bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites

Front 2

A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been previously exposed to it is called:

Back 2

endemic

Front 3

3 epithelial barriers in the human body

Back 3

skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, & urogenital tract

Front 4

defensin

Back 4

an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from pathogens

Front 5

Characteristics and causes of inflammation

Back 5

heat, redness, swelling, pain are caused by vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and infiltration of fluid and leukocytes

Front 6

Where do all leukocytes originate?

Back 6

bone marrow

Front 7

monocytes

Back 7

circulating leukocytes that enter tissue and differentiate into macrophages

Front 8

complement fixation

Back 8

cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b by C3 convertase. This can have different composition depending on the complement pathway

Front 9

C3b

Back 9

binds to pathogen during complement pathway and takes part in the membrane attack

Front 10

C3a

Back 10

serves as a chemoattractant that recruits inflammatory cells to the area

Front 11

alternative pathway

Back 11

this complement pathway does not require a specific antibody to commence
initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of C3

Front 12

opsinization

Back 12

molecule that acts as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis

Front 13

classical pathway

Back 13

group of proteins that bind to a specific antibody during complement activation

Front 14

lectin pathway

Back 14

this pathway does not require an antibody and is initiated by binding of a mannose lectin to a pathogen that possesses mannose

Front 15

macrophage vs. nuetrophils

Back 15

neutrophils only enter tissue after an infection has been established, macrophages are always in the tissue and can serve as APCs

Front 16

3 advantages to adaptive immunity

Back 16

long lasting
keeps improving
have specific targets

Front 17

clonal selection

Back 17

the process by which a pathogen stimulates only those lymphocytes with receptors specific for that pathogen

Front 18

somatic recombination

Back 18

recombination of gene segments of the T cell receptors and immunoglobulin genes giving rise to lymphocytes with unique specificities for antigens

Front 19

CD4 vs. CD8 T cells

Back 19

CD4 T cells - recognize antigen derived from extracellular fluid and interstitial spaces between cells
CD8 T cells - recognize antigens derived from intracellular sites such as viruses and some bacteria

Front 20

plasma cells

Back 20

activated B cells that produce antibodies

Front 21

Where is the MHC found?

Back 21

dendritic cells

Front 22

MHC class I vs. MHC class II

Back 22

Class I - presents antigens from intracellular pathogens
Class II - presents antigens from extracellular pathogens

Front 23

immunoglobulins

Back 23

B cell receptors that consist of a variable region and a constant region

Front 24

antibodies

Back 24

soluble immunoglobulins secreted by B cells (plasma cells) and bind with T cell receptors
consist of a variable region and a constant region

Front 25

isotypes

Back 25

types of immunoglobulins

Front 26

How do different isotypes differ?

Back 26

Different amounts of carbohydrates and have different lengths of heavy chains

Front 27

epitope

Back 27

part of an antigen that binds to an antibody

Front 28

multivalent antigen

Back 28

an antigen that has multiple epitopes or more than one copy of an epitope

Front 29

linear epitopes

Back 29

where the antibody binds to parts of a molecule (or antigen) that are adjacent in in the linear sequence

Front 30

discontinuous epitopes

Back 30

where an antibody binds to parts of a protein that are separated in the amino acid sequence but brought together when the protein folds

Front 31

α2-macroglobulins

Back 31

protease inhibitors that attract pathogen proteases and fold around them when cleaved

Front 32

Where are defensins common?

Back 32

phagocytes and small intestinal mucosa

Front 33

Immune system

Back 33

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate responses to infections

Front 34

Immunology

Back 34

study of the structure and function of the immune system

Front 35

Immune system

Back 35

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate responses to infections

Front 36

Immune system

Back 36

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate responses to infections

Front 37

Immune system

Back 37

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate responses to infections

Front 38

Immune system

Back 38

cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate responses to infections

Front 39

immunity

Back 39

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects

Front 40

Immunology

Back 40

study of the structure and function of the immune system

Front 41

Immunology

Back 41

study of the structure and function of the immune system

Front 42

Immunology

Back 42

study of the structure and function of the immune system

Front 43

immune response

Back 43

collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 44

immunity

Back 44

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects

Front 45

Immunology

Back 45

study of the structure and function of the immune system

Front 46

immunity

Back 46

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects

Front 47

immunity

Back 47

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects

Front 48

immune response

Back 48

collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 49

immunity

Back 49

resistance of a host to pathogens and their toxic effects

Front 50

Four classes of pathogens

Back 50

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Front 51

Apoptosis versus Necrosis

Back 51

Apoptosis - preprogrammed cell death that does not induce inflammation
Necrosis - unplanned cell death that initiates inflammation

Front 52

immune response

Back 52

collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 53

immune response

Back 53

collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 54

immune response

Back 54

collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual by the cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 55

Four classes of pathogens

Back 55

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Front 56

Four classes of pathogens

Back 56

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Front 57

Four classes of pathogens

Back 57

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Front 58

Four classes of pathogens

Back 58

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Front 59

Apoptosis versus Necrosis

Back 59

Apoptosis - preprogrammed cell death that does not induce inflammation
Necrosis - unplanned cell death that initiates inflammation

Front 60

Apoptosis versus Necrosis

Back 60

Apoptosis - preprogrammed cell death that does not induce inflammation
Necrosis - unplanned cell death that initiates inflammation

Front 61

Apoptosis versus Necrosis

Back 61

Apoptosis - preprogrammed cell death that does not induce inflammation
Necrosis - unplanned cell death that initiates inflammation

Front 62

Apoptosis versus Necrosis

Back 62

Apoptosis - preprogrammed cell death that does not induce inflammation
Necrosis - unplanned cell death that initiates inflammation