Immunology Exam 1

Front 1

IgG

Back 1

Main antibody type in circulation. Binds to pathogens, activates complements, enhances phagocytosis

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IgM

Back 2

Largest antibody. Activates complement; clumps cells.

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IgA

Back 3

Main antibody type in secretions such as salvia and milk. Prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells in digestive and respiratory tracts.

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IgD

Back 4

Antibody found on the surface of immature B cells. Presence signifies readiness of B Cell

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IgE

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Antibody type found as antigen receptors on basophils in blood and on mast cells in tissues. Responsible for immediate allergic response and protection against certain parasitic worms.

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Characteristics of Acquired Immune System

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Specificity: detect differences in molecules

Adaptiveness: respond to molecules never seen before

Discrimination: self and non self

Memory: remembers previous antigens

Hint 6

DAMS

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Three Types of Immunization

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Acquired: administration of antigen, gives memory, natural and artificial, ex: vaccines

Passive: transfer of specific antibody from immunized individual to non immunized, gives no memory, natural (breastfeeding) artifical (IgG therapy)

Adoptive: transfer of immunity by transfer of immune cells, only artificial ex: bone marrow transplant

Hint 7

APA

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Steps of Phagocyotsis

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Find: chemotaxis, include looking for bacterial proteins and complement protein C5a

Adhere: bind to target cells, opsonins enhance adherence

Ingest

Digest: using lysosomes

Hint 8

FAID

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Defenses of Innate Immune Response

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Barriers, Cellular, Humoral

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Types of Barriers

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Physical: Skin, flushing of bladders

Chemical: sweat, tears, HCl

Biological: regular microbota (competition for resources)

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Types of Cellular Defenses

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polymorphonuclear leukocytes ex: basophils, mast cells, neutrophils and eosinophils

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Neutrophils

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common in blood leukocytes, very effective at killing bacteria, increase of these normally signal infection

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Basophiles

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release histamine (this happens when inflammation is needed)

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Eosinophiles

Back 14

present during allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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Marcophages

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function is to engulf and digest invaders, can also function as presenting cells if need be

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Dendritic Cells

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stimulate adaptive immune response, found in T cell areas of lymphoid tissue and throughout the body

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Natural Killer Cells

Back 17

able to lyse certain virus infected cells without stimulation. Have MHC1 bound to them

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Natural Killer T Cells

Back 18

thymus derived, function similar to NK cells, secrete cytokines IL4 and IFN gamma, kill targeting cells by causing apoptosis. Triggered by CD1d and glycolipids

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What is inflammation?

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Inflammation is activation of phagocytes and the release of cytokines after a damage to tissues in the body.

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What things occur during inflammation?

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Increase in vascular diameter (increased blood flow)

Reduction in blood velocity

Cytokines and kinins induced expression causes the expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells

Increase in vascular permeability

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What are cytokines?

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Glycoproteins released by a variety of cells that initiate other effects of the immune response

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Examples of Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Thymus and Bone Marrow

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Thymus Function

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has cortical and medullary areas that are infiltrated with thymocytes

progenitor cells migrate from bone marrow to thymus to mature

T cell selection as goes on in thymus

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Bone Marrow Function

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B cells mature in bone marrow after birth

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Examples of Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Spleen, Lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches,

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Spleen Function

Back 26

major organ where antibodies are synthesized and released, composed of white pulp and red pulp

Hint 26

Secondary Lymphoid Organ

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Lymph Nodes Function

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following antigenic stimulation, B cells undergo affinity maturation in this area

Hint 27

Secondary Lymphoid Organ

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Lymphocytes Re-circulation Steps

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1) lymphocytes enter lymph nodes through afferent lymphatic vessels

2) leave lymph nodes through efferent vessels

3) converge in thoracic duct

4) empties into vena cava

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How can an antigen enter the body?

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Blood, mucous membranes, secondary lymphoid organs (like peyer's patches and tonsils)

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Definition of Antigen

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any molecule that has the ability to bind to lymphocyte receptors and may or may not lead to activation

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Epitope

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located on the antigen, this area binds to the receptor in the body

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Paratope

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this area binds to the epitope

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Hapten

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non-immunogenic antigen, associated with receptor but does not lead to activation

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Different Classes of Antigens

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Polysaccarides, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

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Which classes of antigens require to be attached to carrier to be immunogenic?

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polysaccarides, lipids, and nucleic acids

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Which class of antigen is always immunogenic?

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Proteins

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4 Requirement for Immunogenicity

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Foreignness

Molecular Size: smaller means less immunogenic

Chemical Complexity: more complex means more immunogenic

Degradability: molecules that cannot be degraded and processed by APCs to present to MHC1 are poor immunogens

Hint 37

FMCD

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What are the factors that can affect immunogencitity?

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Genetics, Dose, and Route of Administration

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Primary Response

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slower, primary antibody is IgM, initiates T cells and B cells to make antibodies

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Secondary Response

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much faster, primary antibody is IgG, creates memory response, more antibody is produced

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What are the epitopes recognized by B cells?

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Linear or conformational, accessible (external) only,

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What are the epitopes recognized by T cells?

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Linear only, can recognize external or internal, must be presented to them

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Cross-Reactivity Defintion

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occurs when antibody or cells epitope bind to a structurally similar epitope on a different molecule

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Heterologous Immunity

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using a different molecule to create immunity towards a different disease

ex: using cow pox in vaccines for small pox

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Homologous Immunity

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using the same molecule, just at a smaller dosage or killed, to infer immunity for that disease

ex: DTaP or flu

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Adjuvant Defintion

Back 46

substances that enhance immune response to an antigen that has immunogenciity. CANNOT make something immunogenitic, it has to already be that way