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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define polymorphic
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Having many forms
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Define codominant
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Refers to genes that share dominance; genes that are both equally displayed
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Define syngeneic
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Genetically identical
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Allo- means
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Something that is from the same species but different individuals
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Auto- means
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Self
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What are the major HLA genes found on MHC Class I molecules?
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A, B, and C
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MHC Class I genes display antigens to what T cell type?
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Cytotoxic (CD8+) cells
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MHC Class II genes display antigens to what T cell type?
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Helper (CD4+) cells
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What is the main purpose of MHC?
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To bind to antigenic peptides and present them to T cells
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What is the role of cytokines in the regulation of MHC molecules?
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Increases expression, enabling more MHC molecules to be displayed and, therefore, more capable of binding to more antigen
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Which cytokine is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to synthesize red cells?
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Erythropoietin
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Which cytokine is a multi-lineage colony-stimulating factor?
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IL-3
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Which cytokine is produced by NK cells and activates macrophages to kill ingested pathogens, promotes B cell class switching, activates vascular endothelial cells, controls differentiation of helper T cells, and stimulates the expression of MHC molecules?
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IFN-gamma
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Which cytokine works along with IL-4 and promotes fibrosis, stimulates mucus production, induces IgE class switching, and promotes inflammation?
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IL-13
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Which cytokine is associated with the differentiation and activation of eosinophils?
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IL-5
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Which cytokine stimulates B cells to produce IgE?
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IL-4
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Which cytokine is needed for the survival of regulatory T cells, stimulates the survival and differentiation of effector cells, and promotes the replication and differentiation of NK cells?
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IL-2
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Which two cytokines are synergistic with IL-12?
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IL-18 and IL-15
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Which cytokine stimulates the production of neutrophils, the synthesis of acute phase reactants from the liver, and the growth of B cells that produce antibodies as well as is involved in inflammation and tumor growth?
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IL-6
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The action of IL-10 is to ___________________ immune responses.
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Inhibit
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What disorders can IFN-alpha be used to treat?
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Viral hepatitis and hematologic malignancies
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IFN-beta can be given to patients to treat ____________.
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Multiple sclerosis
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What are the functions of interferons?
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Interferes with viral replication, increases expression of class I MHC molecules, stimulates the development of helper T cells, and helps keep lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
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What are the functions of IL-12?
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Stimulates the production of IFN-gamma, promotes differentiation of naive helper T cells, and enhances cytotoxicity of CD8+ cells
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How does IL-1 differ from TNF?
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IL-1 can not induce apoptosis or cause changes of septic shock by itself
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Small cytokines that are involved in chemotaxis, angiogenesis, organ development, and leukocyte trafficking are known as:
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Chemokines
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Describe the sequence of events when an infection is caused by extracellular bacteria.
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Macrophages at the site of infection produce TNF, IL-1, and chemokines. TNF and IL-1 stimulate the endothelial cells to demonstrate selectins and chemokines stimulate diapedesis in order to recruit more cells to the site.
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Describe the sequence of events when an infection is caused by intracellular bacteria.
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Macrophages and dendritic cells secrete IL-12, which stimulates the differentiation of NK and T cells to produce IFN-gamma. IFN-gamma then activates macrophages to digest the bacteria.
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Describe the sequence of events when an infection is caused by a virus.
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Type I interferons are secreted to interfere with viral replication
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What are the negative effects that a large amount of TNF have on the host system?
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Shock, loss of myocardial contractibility, intravascular thrombosis, metabolic disturbances (low glucose levels), fever, cachexia
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What are the three functional categories of cytokines?
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Innate, adaptive, hematopoietic
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What are the beneficial effects of TNF?
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Induces the expression of selectins, stimulates the secretion of chemokines that aid in chemotaxis, stimulates microbicidal activities of phagocytes, induces apoptosis
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What are the eight general properties of cytokines?
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Self-limited, pleiotropic, redundant, antagonistic, synergistic, local and systemic actions, regulated by external factors, not many are needed to stimulate reaction, can cause changes in gene expression
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A cytokine that acts of the cell that created it is said to have a(n) _________ action.
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Autocrine
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A cytokine that acts on the cells near the one that created it is said to have a(n) __________ action.
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Paracrine
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A cytokine that acts on a cell that is at a distance from the one that created it has a(n) ____________ action.
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Endocrine
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Define pleiotropic.
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One cytokine can act on several different cell types
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Define antagonistic.
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Something that works against something else.
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Define synergistic.
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Something that works along with something else.
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Something that is endogenous is:
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Host-derived
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What is a pyrogen?
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Something that causes fever
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The wasting away of muscle and fat is known as:
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Cachexia
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Heart muscle is ______ tissue.
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Myocardial
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A marked drop in blood pressure is known as:
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Shock
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Define intravascular thrombosis.
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The formation of blood clots inside blood vessels
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What is a blood infection called?
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Sepsis
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What is angiogenesis?
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The formation of blood vessels
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What is a hepatocyte?
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Liver cell
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Define neoplastic.
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Tumor
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When something is pyogenic, it forms:
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Pus
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