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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
most CAMs belong to four families of proteins:
selectin family
mucin-like family
integrin family
immunoglobulin superfamily
has an extracellular lectin-like domain that enables these molecules to bind specific carbohydrate groups

responsible for the initial stickiness of leukocytes to vascular endothelium
selectins
most circulating leukocytes express this type of selectin

whereas these other two types are expressed on vascular endothelial walls during an inflammatory response
L-selectin

E-, P-selectin
a group of serine- and threonine-rich proteins that are heavily glycosylated

extended structure allows them to present the sialyl-Lewis^x and other sulfated carbohydrate moieties as binding sites for selectins

ex. L-selectin on leukocytes binds CD34 and GlyCAM-1 on endothelial cells
mucins
heterodimeric proteins consisting of an alpha and beta chain that are noncovalently associated at the cell surface

most bind extracellular matrix molecules and provide cell matrix interactions throughout the body
integrins
leukocytes express a specific subfamily of integrins known as the _________ (or _______ ____) as well as several integrins that are expressed on other cell types
beta-2 integrins (or CD18-integrins)
this group is expressed on vascular endothelial cells and bind to various integrin molecules
Ig-superfamily CAMs (ICAMs)

include: ICAM-1 (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102), ICAM-3 (CD50), and VCAM (CD106)
rolling is mediated by
selectin - carbohydrate interaction
arrest and adhesion is mediated by
integrins binding to Ig-family membes
during an inflammatory response, cytokines and other mediators act on the local endothelium, inducing expression of adhesion molecules of the _____ family
selectin
E- and P-selectin molecules bind to _____ _____ CAMs on the leukocyte membrane or w/ the sialyated lactosaminoglycan called sialyl Lewis
mucin-like cell adhesion molecules
slow rolling of the leukocytes allows for chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction

these interactions result in change of conformation and clustering of ________ on the leukocyte
integrin
the leukocyte squeezes in b/t two neighboring endothelial cells by homotypic binding of ____________
platelet-endothelial-cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; CD31)

located on both the leukocyte and the endothelium

CD11a/CD18 also binds to JAM-1, another adhesion molecule located w/in the endothelial tight junction, to mediate egress from the bloodstream
complement split product C5a, bacterial peptides containing N-formyl peptides, and leukotrienes bind to specific receptors on the _______, contributing to the directed migration and activation of these cells
neutrophils
neutrophils express _________ and _________, which convert to their active, more adhesive conformation when the neutrophil is stimulated by chemokines
CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18
(LFA-1 and MAC-1)
resting endothelium expresses low levels of _________, which supports adhesion w/ activated CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 w/o the requirement of time-consuming synthesis of new Ig-family members
ICAM-1 (CD54)
monocytes from the peripheral blood take much longer to arrive at infection than neutrophils b/c of the time it takes for endothelial cells to increase expression of _______
VCAM-1, the ligand for integrin alpha4beta1
regions of of vascular endothelium in postcapillary venules of various lymphoid organs composed of specialized cells w/ a plump, cuboidal shape

lymphocytes extravasate at a very high rate through these areas which are contained in all secondary lymphoid organs excluding the spleen
high-endothelial venules (HEVs)
the development and maintenance of HEVs in lymphoid organs is influenced by cytokines produced in response to ______ ______
antigen capture
some adhesion molecules that are distributed in a tissue-specific manner have been called ____ _____, b/c they serve to direct the extravasation of different populations of recruiting lymphocytes to particular lymphoid organs
vascular addressins (VAs)
process of different subsets of lymphocytes migrating differently into different tissues
homing or trafficking
once naive lymphocytes encounter antigen trapped in a secondary lymphoid tissue, they become activated and enlarge into ________.

activation takes about 48 hours, and during this time the blast cells are retained in the _______ region of the secondary lymphoid tissue
lymphoblasts

paracortical
the kinin system is an enzymatic cascade that begins when a plasma clotting factor, called ______ ______, is activated following tissue injury
Hageman factor (factor XII)
in the kinin system:

Hageman factor activates prekallikrein to for kallikrein, which cleaves kininogen to produce _______
bradykinin
this potent peptide increases vascular permeability, causes vasodilation, induces pain, and triggers contraction of smooth muscle
bradykinin
thrombin acts on soluble fibrinogen in tissue fluid or plasma to produce insoluble strands of ______ and _________
fibrin, fibrinopeptides
insoluble fibrin strands crisscross one another to form a ____, which serves as a barrier to the spread of infection
clot
the integrin _____________ binds two components of the clotting system, factor X and fibrinogen

binding of factor X to __________ increases the activity of factor X, thereby promoting coagulation
CD11b/CD18 (MAC-1)
activated platelets secrete _____, which leads to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, and increased expression of adhesion molecules
CD40L
removal of the fibrin clot from the injured tissue is achieved by the fibrinolytic system

the end product of this pathway is the enzyme ______

this potent proteolytic enzyme breaks down fibrin clots into degradation products that are chemotactic for neutrophils

also contributes to the inflammatory response by activating the classical complement pathway
plasmin
binding of the ________ to receptors of the membrane of tissue mast cells induces degranulation w/ release of histamine and other pharmacologically active mediators

these induce smooth muscle contraction and increase vascular permeability
anaphylatoxins (C5a and C3a)
metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cyclooxygenase pathway produces _______ and ________
prostaglandins and thromboxanes
have diverse physiological effects, including increased vascular permeability, increased vascular dilation, and induction of neutrophil chemotaxis
prostaglandins
cause platelet aggregation and constriction of blood vessels
thromboxanes
arachidonic acid is also metabolized by the lipoxygenase pathway to yield the four ________
leukotrienes

LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
three of the leukotrienes produced through the metabolization of arachidonic acid (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) together make up what was formerly known as _____ ______ ____ ______

these mediators induce smooth muscle contraction
slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
activated tissue macrophages secrete...
IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
the local inflammatory response is accompanied by a systemic response known as the _____ ____ _____

this response is marked by the induction of fever, increased synthesis of hormones such as ACTH and hydrocortisone, increased production of WBCs, and production of a large number of ____ ____ ____ in the liver
acute-phase response

acute-phase proteins
___ ____ ____ is a representative acute-phase protein whose serum level increases 1000-fold during an acute-phase response

binds to a variety of microorganisms and activates complement, resulting in deposition of the opsonin C3b on the surface of microorganisms
C-reactive protein
common transcription factor for acute-phase liver proteins
NF-IL6
constitutive transcription factor located in hepatocytes

high degree of sequence identity w/ NF-IL6
C/EBP