Immunology Chapter 1 From Outline (More Specific To Test)

Front 1

What is immunology?

Back 1

The study of the reaction when the host encounters a foreign substance.

Front 2

What is an antigen?

Back 2

A substance that causes an immune response in the body.

Front 3

What are 3 types of antigens?

Back 3

1. Infectious agents. 2. Environmental substances. 3. Synthetic structures.

Front 4

What is immunity?

Back 4

The discrimination between self and nonself and the subsequent protection from nonself.

Front 5

What is the immune system?

Back 5

The system that protects against antigens. It is involved in the immunity response.

Front 6

Innate immunity is also called ?

Back 6

natural immunity

Front 7

2 features of the innate immune system are ?

Back 7

1. It is available quickly 2. Nonspecific to the pathogen.

Front 8

4 features of acquired immunity include ?

Back 8

1. It is specific 2. Large in scope 3. Discriminates 4. Memory.

Front 9

The innate immune system prevents the entry of __ and separates the inside of the body from the outside.

Back 9

pathogens

Front 10

The innate immune system includes 9 structural barriers against pathogens. What are they?

Back 10

1. Skin 2. Coughing 3. Sneezing 4. Mucus 5. Cilia 6. Ear wax 7. Acidity 8. Lysozymes in skin, stomach, tear 9. Normal flora.

Front 11

The internal innate immune system has 2 components. They are?

Back 11

Cellular and humoral.

Front 12

Humoral immunity, which is part of the internal innate immune system, has 2 components. They are?

Back 12

Serum and plasma.

Front 13

Granulocytes are part of the innate immune system. What are the 3 kinds of granulocytes?

Back 13

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

Front 14

2 kinds of lymphocytes we need to know about are ?

Back 14

Natural killer cells (NK) and Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK)

Front 15

When monocytes leave the circulating blood to enter body tissues, they become what kind of cell?

Back 15

Macrophage

Front 16

2 other kinds of WBCs that aren't monocytes, granulocytes, or lymphocytes, are:

Back 16

mast cells, dendritic cells

Front 17

WBCs are differentiated by surface markers called ?

Back 17

CD markers

Front 18

CD (surface markers) stand for ?

Back 18

cluster of differentiation

Front 19

The ratio of CD markers for HIV are ?

Back 19

CD4/CD8

Front 20

All WBCs have CD__+?

Back 20

CD45+

Front 21

All granulocyte express what CD markers?

Back 21

CD45+ and CD15+

Front 22

Neutrophils like what kind of stain?

Back 22

neutral

Front 23

Eosinophils will stain what color?

Back 23

red

Front 24

Basophils will stain what color?

Back 24

blue

Front 25

What kind of granulocyte is the most abundant in the blood?

Back 25

neutrophils

Front 26

Neutrophils make up what percentage of WBCs?

Back 26

50-70%

Front 27

Another way of describing a neutrophil is ?

Back 27

PMN, poly, or polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Front 28

T or F: Neutrophils are the first WBC to enter the site of an infection.

Back 28

True

Front 29

How long do neutrophils live in the circulating blood?

Back 29

12 hours

Front 30

How long do neutrophils live in the tissues?

Back 30

1-2 days

Front 31

Neutrophils are involved in a process that engulfs and digests pathogens. What is that process called?

Back 31

phagocytosis

Front 32

Neutrophils are involved in a process that is used to help the acquired immune system learn how to kill a pathogen. That process is called?

Back 32

antigen presentation

Front 33

How are neutrophils attracted to the site of an infection?

Back 33

chemotaxins

Front 34

What kinds of reactions are eosinophils involved in?

Back 34

antiparasytic and allergic

Front 35

During a parasytic or allergic reaction, eosinophils will do what?

Back 35

increase in number

Front 36

What percentage of WBCs are normally eosinophils?

Back 36

1-3%

Front 37

What is the rarest granulocyte?

Back 37

Basophil

Front 38

What percentage of the WBC count are basophils?

Back 38

.4-1%

Front 39

Basophils may have a role in what 2 kinds of reactions?

Back 39

Inflammatory and allergic

Front 40

What 4 things can make basophil counts rise?

Back 40

1. Leukemia 2. some allergic reactions 3. chronic inflammation 4. after radiation therapy

Front 41

One WBC that's similar in appearance to a basophil, but comes from a different cell lineage, is a ?

Back 41

mast cell

Front 42

Mast cells have a primary role in what kinds of reactions?

Back 42

Allergic and antiparasitic

Front 43

Mast cells have surface receptors for what kind of immunoglobulin? (HINT: It is involved in the same kinds of reactions as mast cells)

Back 43

IgE

Front 44

Mast cells contain granules of what 2 chemicals?

Back 44

histamine and heparin

Front 45

Where can mast cells be found?

Back 45

tissues, connective tissues, near mucosal tissues

Front 46

What kind of WBC has many names depending on where it is found in the body?

Back 46

macrophage

Front 47

Macrophages in the blood are called ?

Back 47

monocytes

Front 48

Macrophages in the tissues are called ?

Back 48

macrophages

Front 49

Macrophages in the liver are called ?

Back 49

Kupfer cells

Front 50

Macrophages in the neural tissues are called ?

Back 50

microglial cells

Front 51

Macrophages in the connective tissue are called?

Back 51

histiocytes

Front 52

Macrophages in bones are called ?

Back 52

osteoclasts

Front 53

Macrophages in the kidneys are called?

Back 53

mesanglial cells

Front 54

Macrophages in the lungs are called ?

Back 54

dust cells, or alveolar macrophages

Front 55

Macrophages in a plaque of atheroschlerosis (found in the heart during heart disease) are called ?

Back 55

foam cells

Front 56

Macrophages express what kind of surface marker?

Back 56

CD14+

Front 57

What percentage of WBCs are made up of macrophages?

Back 57

4-6%

Front 58

What 3 conditions can cause the number of macrophages to rise?

Back 58

inflammation, infection, certain cancers

Front 59

Are macrophages important in antigen presentation?

Back 59

Yes

Front 60

Do macrophages phagocytize pathogens?

Back 60

Yes

Front 61

How long do macrophages live in the body?

Back 61

several months

Front 62

Where can dendritic cells be found in their immature state?

Back 62

Blood stream

Front 63

Where can dendritic cells be found in their mature state?

Back 63

Tissues

Front 64

What kind of surface markers do dendritic cells present?

Back 64

CD11c+

Front 65

Dendritic cells exist in __ concentration in the body.

Back 65

low

Front 66

Dendritic cells are __ active in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

Back 66

very

Front 67

Dendritic cells are named for their ?

Back 67

shape (they look like dendrites of the nervous system - outline says they have a branched shape)

Front 68

Which kind of lymphocyte is NOT antigen specific?

Back 68

Natural killer (NK) cells

Front 69

What kinds of surface markers do NK cells express?

Back 69

CD3-, CD56+, CD16+

Front 70

What kind of cells can NK cells attack?

Back 70

tumor and virally infected cells

Front 71

Can NK cells respond to bacteria and protozoal infections?

Back 71

Yes

Front 72

One way that NK cells kill pathogens is to secrete __ and __.

Back 72

perforins and granzymes

Front 73

One way that NK cells can kill is through the use of ADCC. What ADCC stand for?

Back 73

antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity

Front 74

NK cells allow what two systems to work together?

Back 74

The innate and adaptive immune systems.

Front 75

NK cells can use __ to bind antibody coated target cells so they can be identified and killed.

Back 75

CD16

Front 76

NK cells have surface receptors for what kind of cytokine?

Back 76

IL-2

Front 77

When IL-2 binds to an NK cell, it becomes what kind of cell?

Back 77

LAK (lymphokine activated killer) cell

Front 78

Which is better at killing a pathogen: NK or LAK cells?

Back 78

LAK

Front 79

LAK cells are used in __ therapy.

Back 79

cancer

Front 80

What are small molecules used in cell communication/signalling called?

Back 80

cytokines

Front 81

What are the 3 classes of molecules used by the innate immune system?

Back 81

1. pattern recognition receptors 2. complement proteins 3. molecules used to respond to infection.

Front 82

What are 3 molecules used by the innate immune system to respond to an infection?

Back 82

1. cytokines 2. antimicrobial peptides 3. acute phase reactants

Front 83

What part of the innate immune system recognizes surface molecules expressed in groups of microorganisms?

Back 83

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Front 84

This class of proteins is a membrane-spanning, non-catalytic receptor expressed in sentinel cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) that recognize molecules derived from microbes. It activates immune cell responses. What is it called?

Back 84

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

Front 85

Each TLR binds to a different __.

Back 85

PAMP

Front 86

How many kinds of TLRs are there?

Back 86

12

Front 87

When a TLR binds to pathogen, what happens?

Back 87

Inflammation, immune cell proliferation and chemotaxis

Front 88

Acute phase reactants bind to the __ __ of the microbe.

Back 88

cell wall

Front 89

PRRs in solution are __ __ __.

Back 89

acute phase reactants

Front 90

How many amino acids do acute phase reactants usually have?

Back 90

Less than 100.

Front 91

Acute phase reactants __ cell membrane permeability to kill a pathogen.

Back 91

increase