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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunology is ?
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The study of the reaction when the host encounters a foreign substance.
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An antigen is ?
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A foreign substance that the immune system reacts to or attacks.
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What is immunity?
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The discrimination between self and nonself and the protection from nonself.
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What is the immune system?
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The system related to the immunity response.
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Lectins are ?
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Molecules that bind to carbohydrates.
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What are the hallmarks of the innate immune system?
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It is available quickly and is not specific for the pathogen in question.
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What are the hallmarks of the adaptive or acquired immune system?
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It is very specific, has a large scope, can discriminate, and has a memory.
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Explain the specificity of the acquired immune system?
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Specificity engenders a reaction to a particular pathogen without reaction to nonrelated structures. (It recognizes epitopes with an exact fit.)
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Explain the scope of the acquired immune system.
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The acquired or adaptive immune system is diverse enough that it can react to many different pathogens and molecules, including pathogens that haven't evolved yet. (It is literally adaptive.)
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Explain how the acquired immune system can discriminate.
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The adaptive or acquired immune system will respond only to those molecules that are not present naturally in the individual. (It can tell self from nonself.)
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Explain how the acquired immune system has memory.
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The adaptive or acquired immune system improves with every exposure to the pathogen.
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What cells are involved in the innate response?
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Neutrophils, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, NK cells, LAK cells (9 kinds)
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What cells are involved in the acquired response?
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Lymphocytes, B and T cells
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How long does the innate immune system take to respond?
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Minutes to hours
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How long does the acquired or adaptive immune system take to respond?
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Days
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What are the external components the stop pathogens from entering the body?
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Skin, mucous, cilia, earwax, lysozyme in tears, and the acidic pH of sweat, stomach acids, urine, and vaginal fluids.
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What are some other parts of the innate immune system aside from barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body?
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Normal bacteria of skin and gastrointestinal tract, coughing and sneezing.
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What is a lysozome?
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An enzyme present in tears and saliva that digest the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.
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Vaginal douches that are not neutral (which hinders the acidity of vaginal fluids) have what on the box?
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pH adjusted or contains vinegar.
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The normal (helpful) bacteria that colonize an individual are called ?
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Normal flora
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The fluid phase or the innate immune system in the blood is called the ?
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humoral component of the blood
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When blood has been allowed to clot, the fluid phase of the blood is called ?
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serum
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If anticoagulants have been added to the blood, then the fluid phase of the blood is called ?
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plasma
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Clotting factors are no longer in the __ because they have joined the clot.
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serum
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Clotting factors remain in the __ because an anticoagulant has been added.
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plasma
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White blood cells use __ __ along with the cells' microscopic appearance to differentiate cells.
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surface proteins
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The surface protein markers that differentiate cells are labeled CD followed by a number. What does CD stand for?
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Cluster of differentiation
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All white blood cells express what cluster of differentiation?
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CD45
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All granulocytes express CD45 and what other surface protein marker?
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CD15
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The 3 types of granulocytes are called ?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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Granulocytes are recruited from the blood by __ factors to enter tissues.
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chemotaxic
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__ are the most abundant type of granulocyte.
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Neutrophils
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Neutrophils contain granules that stain __; hence, they cannot be stained with a __ stain.
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neutrally, Wright's stain
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50 to 70% of WBCs in the blood are __.
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neutrophils
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Another name for a neutrophil is ?
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs or polys)
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What are the first cells to reach the site of an infection?
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Neutrophils
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How long do neutrophils live in circulating blood?
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About 12 hours
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How long do neutrophils live in the tissues?
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1 to 2 days
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Neutrophils are involved in presenting an antigen to a ?
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T cell
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What is antigen presentation?
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A process where the cell of innate immune system shows the antigen to the lymphocytes/T cells of the acquired immune system.
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Neutrophils can __ in an acute infection of inflammation.
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increase
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Eosinophils contains granules that stain red after __ staining.
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Wright's
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We know that the granules of an eosinophil are __ because they stain red when exposed to a Wright's stain.
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acidic
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Eosinophils respond to what 3 kinds of reactions?
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allergic, parasitic infections, skin inflammation
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What percentage of the WBCs are eosinophils?
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1 to 3%
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The rarest granulocyte is the ?
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basophil
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Basophils make up what percentage of the circulating blood?
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.4 to 1%
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What 4 things can increase the number of basophils a person has?
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Leukemia, some allergic reactions, chronic inflammation, radiation therapy.
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Wright's stain will stain the granules in a basophil a __ color.
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blue-black
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Since the granules of a basophil turn blue-black when Wright stained, the granules must have a __ pH.
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basic (baso=basic)
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What kind of cell looks like a basophil but comes from a different lineage?
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Mast cell
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Mast cells have a surface receptor that binds which antibody?
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IgE
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IgE antibodies are involved in what kind of reactions?
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allergic
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Mast cells contain granules of __ and __.
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histamine and heparine
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Which kind of cells are responsible for MOST of the effects of allergic reactions?
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Mast cells
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Monocytes are called __ when found in the tissues.
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Macrophages
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Macrophages express CD __.
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CD14
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The largest WBCs are called ?
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macrophages
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When found in the liver, macrophages are called ?
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Kupfer cells
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When found in neural tissue, macrophages are called ?
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microglial cells
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When found in connective tissue (besides the circulating blood) macrophages are called ?
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histiocytes
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When found in bone, macrophages are called ?
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osteoclasts
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When found in the kidneys, macrophages are called ?
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mesangial cells
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When found in the lungs, macrophages are called ?
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alveolar macrophages OR dust cells
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Macrophages are called foam cells when they have ?
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accumulated lipids in an arterial wall in a plaque of atherosclerosis in coronary artery tissue.
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What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?
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4 to 6%
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What can increase the number of monocytes in the blood?
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Infection, inflammation, certain cancers.
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How long does a macrophage live?
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Several months
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Macrophage are __ important in antigen presentation than are neutrophils.
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more
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Which cluster of differentiation is expressed by dendritic cells?
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CD11c
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Dendritic WBCs are found in their __ state in the bloodstream.
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immature
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Dendritic WBCs are found in their __ state in the tissues.
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mature
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The concentration of dendritic cells is very __.
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low
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Dendritic cells are very active in what 2 immune processes?
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Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
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Lymphocytes that are similar to T and B lymphs but that do not have epitope-specific surface receptors are called ?
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natural killer (NK) cells
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NK cells are not antigen __.
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specific
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NK cells are larger and more __ than T or B cells.
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granular
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NK cells make up about __% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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10-15%
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NK cells make up about __% of the body's white blood cells.
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2-3%
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NK cells can kill what 4 kinds of cells?
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tumor cells, virally infected cells, bacteria, protozoans
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NK cells are CD_ negative but CD_ and CD_ positive.
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NK cells are CD16- but CD56+ and CD16+
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NK cells kill antibody-coated cells by a process called ?
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antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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What kind of WBC has qualities of both the innate and acquired immune systems?
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NK cells
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Once NK cells interact with cytokine IL-2, they become what kind of cell?
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LAK cells
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The innate immune system is not specific in its reaction to a pathogen. It recognizes patterns in surface molecules called ?
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PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
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The molecules of the innate immune system that recognize PAMPS are called ?
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PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
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__ are effector molecules that are allow cells to communicate with one another. They are secreted by cells that interact with receptors on the surface of other cells to create a response.
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Cytokines
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Cytokines that act on the cell that produced them create what kind of response?
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autocrine response
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Cytokines that act on nearby cells create what kind of a response?
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paracrine response
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Cytokines that act on distant cells create what kind of a response?
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endocrine response
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Most pathogens are species ?
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specific
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What binds to the cell wall of a microbe and increases its membrane permeability to kill the pathogen?
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Antimicrobial peptides
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Name 2 major families of antimicrobial peptides.
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Defensins and cathelicidins
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Antimicrobial peptides are produced by epithelial cells and provide protection against ?
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outside attacks on all epithelial surfaces
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Proteins whose concentrations change with an inflammation are called ?
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acute phase proteins
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Elevation of acute phase proteins can cause a higher __ than is seen with inflammation alone.
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ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
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Which cytokine stimulates the production of acute phase proteins?
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IL-6
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Which protein reacts with the C-polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumonia?
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C-reactive protein (CRP)
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Increases of CRP have been associated with inflammation and what other kind of condition?
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Cardiovascular disease
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CRP can rise how many fold during inflammation and then fall back to normal once the inflammation has stopped?
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1000 fold
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What enhances cell-mediated cytotoxic effects on a pathogen?
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Opsonin
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What is produced by the liver and elevated in some autoimmune diseases?
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Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein
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An acute phase protein that removes hemoglobin released through injury or RBC lysis is called?
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Haptoglobin
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Haptoglobin acts as an anti_?
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antioxidant
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An acute phase protein molecule involved in the coagulation pathway is called ?
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fibrinogen
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Finbrinogen is converted to __ and is then cross-linked to form a clot.
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fibrin
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What apolipoprotein is involved in transporting HDL cholesterol to the liver?
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Serum amyloid A
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Serum amyloid A is a __, bringing cells of the innate and acquired immune systems to the site of an infection.
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chemoattractant
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How many proteins can be found in the complement system?
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about 25
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What are the 3 pathways of activation of complement proteins?
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Classical pathway, alternative pathway, lectin pathway
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The hallmarks of inflammation include?
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redness, pain, heat, swelling, and sometimes loss of function
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When describing inflammation in a specific region of the body, what suffix is often used?
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-itis (as in dermatitis, tonsillitis, etc.)
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Neutrophils arrive at the scene of inflammation within __ to __ minutes.
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30 to 60 mins
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Macrophages arrive at the scene of inflammation within __ to __ hours.
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16 to 18 hours
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What kind of factors draws cells, like WBCs, to the site of an injury or inflammation?
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chemotactic factors
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WBCs move out of circulating blood and into infected tissues by squeezing through the cells of the blood vessels in a process called ?
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diapedesis
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The process of a WBC engulfing and digesting a microbe is called ?
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phagocytosis
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WBCs become attached (or glued) to unwelcome particles by what means?
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PRRs binding to PAMPs, or coating the particle with opsonins
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Opsonin is Greek for ?
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to prepare food for.
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Once a cell has been engulfed by a WBC, it is surrounded by 2 bags called ?
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phagosome and lysosome
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The lysosome that engulfs a particle inside a WBC is filled with ?
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digestive enzymes
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The structure formed by the fusion of the phagosome and the lysosome of a WBC is called ?
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Phagolysosome
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A __ __ inside the WBC destroys the microbe.
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respiratory burst
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The key cells involved in the acquired/adaptive immune system are what 2 kinds of lymphocytes?
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T and B cells
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T cells are produced in marrow, but mature into T cells in the ?
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thymus
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B cells of mammals are produced in the ?
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bone marrow
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Which kind of lymphocyte produces antibodys?
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B cells
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What are the 2 arms of the acquired immune system?
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Humoral and cellular
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Which arm of the acquired immune system offers antibody-mediated immunity?
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Humoral
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Which arm of the acquired immune system offers T cell mediated immunity?
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Cellular
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Both B and T cells recognize antigens. Which of them recognizes antigens by their surface immunoglobulins?
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B cells
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Both B and T cells recognize antigens. Which of them recognizes antigens by their T cell receptors?
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T cells (duh)
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Both immunoglobulin molecules and gamma globulins are also called ?
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antibodies
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Decreased antibody production is called ?
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hypogammaglobulinemia
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What are the 5 types of antibody molecules?
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MADGE (character from the old dishwashing liquid commercial):
IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE Order of presentation by B cells (which is made first, IgD or IgM?) B cells present IgM primarily, and then IgD. Just remember why all of us are going through this pain...to become M.D's. For a B cell to be competent, it must get its MD. Finally, by the same rule, B cells must first release M then G immunoglobulin on primary exposure. |
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B cells express which 3 clusters of differentiation?
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CD19, CD20, CD21
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T cells can be classified into what 3 groups?
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Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Regulatory T cells.
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The products of helper T cells are called ?
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Cytokines that upregulate (increase) the immune response.
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The product of cytotoxic T cells are ?
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Cytotoxicity (cell killing) toward cells bearing the antigen they know how to attack.
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The product of regulatory T cells are ?
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Cytokines that downregulate (decrease) the immune response once the pathogen is cleared to prevent autoimmune problems.
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T cells can be identified by which cluster of differentiation?
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CD3
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Helper T cells can be identified by which CD markers?
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CD3 and CD4+
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Cytotoxic T cells express which CD markers?
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CD3 and CD8+
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Regulatory T cells express which CD markers?
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CD3 and CD4+ and Foxp3+
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Lymphocytes are created in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. Name another place in the body where they can mature?
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primary lymphoid organs
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What organs do lymphocytes go to in order to meet antigens, respond, proliferate, and interact with other lymphocytes?
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secondary lymphatic organs
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Name 5 organs that are considered secondary lymphatic organs.
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lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, mucosal associated-lymphoid tissue (MALT), skin-associated lympoid tissue (SALT)
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Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) includes __ patches in the intenstine, tonsils, and appendix.
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Peyer's
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The __ __ organs are where lymphocytes are generated and differentiated into mature T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
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primary lymphoid
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Antigen contact in primary lymphatic organs results in __ and eliminates autoreactive cells.
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apoptosis
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Before we are born, blood is not made in the bone marrow. The primary sites of hematopoiesis are ?
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fetal liver and spleen
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What kind of stem cells can become any blood cell type?
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hematopoietic
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In mice, __ HSCs are enough to restart the immune system.
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10
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In mammals, the __ __ is the place for differentiation of both B and NK cells.
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bone marrow
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Self-reactive B cells are deleted in the bone marrow by __.
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apoptosis
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The __ is a bilobed organ that is below the thyroid and over the heart.
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thymus
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The thymus __ in size after we are born.
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increases
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The thymus __ in size at puberty.
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decreases
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The thymus weighs about __ grams at birth and increases to about __ grams at puberty.
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22 35
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In adults, the thymus is mostly composed of __ and __ __.
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fat and fibrous tissue
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Lymphoid cells from the bone marrow enter the thymus at the __ where they become __, __, and __.
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cortex, immature thymocytes, cortical epithelial cells, and macrophages.
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Increased number of pro-inflammatory macrophages within obese adipose tissue contributes to __ __ including __ __ and __ __ __.
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obesity complications, insulin resistance and diabetes type 2
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Cortical epithelial cells that help thymocytes mature are called ?
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thymic nurse cells
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In the beginning, thymocytes express which 3 CDs?
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CD3-, CD4-, CD8-
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Lymphocytes are antigen __.
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specific
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Lymphocytes must make __ contact in order to respond to an antigen.
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direct
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Secondary lymphatic organs are a way for lymphocytes to make __ with antigens.
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contact
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Antigens are brought to the __ __ by phagocytic cells and remain trapped there until they are destroyed.
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lymph nodes
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Lymphocytes travel through lymphatic vessels in a fluid called __ that circulates between the lymphatic organs
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lymph
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After an antigen is encountered, what kind of cells are produced?
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B and/or T cells
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B cells make the __ against the antigen.
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antibody
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T cells are made that are capable of specific __ or __ responses.
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cytotoxic or helper
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__ mutations may occur that give a T or B cell increases affinity toward an antigen.
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Somatic
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Lymph nodes are located in places where lymphatic vessels __.
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meet
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The is located on the upper __ side of the body. It is behind the __.
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left, stomach
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The spleen __ antigens from the blood stream so lymphocytes and antigens can meet.
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captures
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A part of the spleen called the __ __ has RBCs and macrophages. It removes old RBCs.
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red pulp
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What does RALT stand for?
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Respiratory-associated lymphoid tissue.
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What does GALT stand for?
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Gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
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What does MALT stand for?
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Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
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What does SALT stand for?
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Skin-associated lymphoid tissue
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