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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 types of Leukocytes?
Ligands Myeloid Cytokines Lymphocytes |
Myeloid and Lymphocytes
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__ are pairs of molecules that form bridges directly between cells.
Ligands Cytokines Adaptation |
Ligands
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__ are molecules that can bind on to soluble messenger molecules called cytokines.
Ligands Receptors Myeloid Cells |
Receptors
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Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils and mast cells, that are produced within the bone marrow are what type of cells?
-Lymphocytes -Myloid Cells -Interferons -Innate Immune System |
Myeloid Cells
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__ are also know as interleukins.
Lymphocytes Tumor Necrosis Factor Cytokines |
Cytokines
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The other type of leukocytes are lymphocytes. These are further divided into __ & __ cells.
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B & T cells
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B & T cells (lymphocytes) form the __ immune systes.
Innate Adaptive |
Adaptive
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What type of leukocytes make up the innate immune system?
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Lymphocytes-macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells
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The whole purpose of the immune system is to deal with __.
bacteria viruses microorganisms |
microorganisms
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What is the fundamental "task" of the immune system?
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to prevent the body from being taken over by infection
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The human immune system is made up of two major branches...what are they?
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Innate and Adaptive Immune System
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Which immune system provides the body's first line of defense against pathogens?
Innate Adaptive |
Innate immune system
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What is the most important basic defense of the innate immune system?
-Leukocytes -Skin -Tumor Necrosis Factor |
Skin
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The most primitive pathoges (bacteria/fungi) live within the __?
extracellular space intracellular space cilia/mucus of respiratory tract |
extracellular space
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All viruses are found within the __?
extracellular space intracellular space |
intracellular space
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Larger pathogens live on/within __, for example worms.
extracellular space mucosal surfaces intracellular space |
mucosal surfaces
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__ have evolved to be an early means of defending against invading organisms.
Leukocytes Macrophages Phagocytes Pattern recognition molecules |
Phagocytes
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__ are an example of degranulating cells.
pattern recognition molecules phagocytes mast cells complement |
mast cells are degranulating cells
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__ are free living cells capable of moving throughout the body and engulfing pathogens.
mast cells phagocytes tumor necrosis factor interferons |
phagocytes
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__ & __ are two types of phagocytes.
neutrophils interferons mast cells macrophages |
neutrophils
macrophages |
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__ & __ express a handful of specialized receptors that can recognize molecules present on the surface of invading pathoges.
Phagocytes macrophages complement neutrophils |
neutrophils
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Neutrophils and Macrophages (which are phagocytes) are sometimes called __.
interferons pattern recognition molecules membrane attack complement adaptive immunity |
pattern recognition molecules
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Pattern recognition molecules (neutrophils/macrophages) work by recognizing repeated __ molecules on the surface of pathogens.
proteins carbohydrates sugar enzymes |
sugar
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How do phagocytes destroy pathogens?
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release proteolytic enzymes
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Phagocytes also release proteins, AKA __ into the extracellular space, and these attract more phagocytes to the site of infection.
chemokines mast cells complement interferons |
chemokines
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The __ evolved in parallel with phagoctes and is an even more rapid way of dealing with infections.
mast cells complement membrane attack complex pattern recognition molecules |
complement
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__ is the most potent complement activation process.
membrane attack complex adaptive immune process pattern recognition molecules |
membrane attack complex
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__ is a cascade of serum enzymes that is activated by sugars on the surface of pathogens. This process can happen because pattern recognition molecules are able to distinguish between host and pathogen sugars.
pattern recognition molecules membrane attack complex complement phagocytes |
complement
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__ is the process of attracting more phagocytes to the site of infection and by making pathogens more attractive targets.
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phagocytosis
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The combination of __ and __ systems is effective in dealing with pathogens living outside cells: most bacteria and fungi.
-membrane attack complex/interferon -phagocyte/complement -phagocyte/pattern recognition molecules -complement/mast cells |
phagocyte/complement
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An obvious place for pathoges to hide is __ cells, where complemet and phagocytes cannot reach them.
inside cells outside cells |
inside cells: the combination of phagocyte and complement systems is effective indealing with pathogens living outside of cells: most bacteria and fungi.
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phagocytes and complement are most effective in dealing with __ and __, that live extracellularly.
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most bacteria and fungi
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What main group of pathogens has evolved to live intracellularly? (where phagocytes and complement cannot reach).
bacteria worms viruses fungi |
viruses
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In response to intracellular infections, many cells throughout the body secrete __.
phagocytes interferons complement mast cells |
interferons
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__ are proteins that are able to switch off the cellular machinery necessary for viral replicaiton and are reasonably good at combating viral infections.
phagocytes human leukocyte antigens interferons helper T cells |
interferons
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What is a major problem with the early innate immune system is that each time the host was exposed to pathogens, the host had to start from zero: ____ explain more simply....
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the host could be infected with same pathogen again and again.
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__ immunity system evolved at aobut the same time as early vertebrates.
innate adaptive |
adaptive
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Vertebrates tend to live longer than invertebrates and face a liflong risk of infection, especially by __ viruses.
extracellular intracellular |
intracellular (where viruses love to be).
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A key feature of the __ immune system was that it dramatically increased the number of receptors for any possible pathogen molecule.
innate adaptive |
adaptive
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The specialized lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are the __ & __ cells.
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B & T cells
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The newly evolved __ cell receptors are expressed on the surface of __ cells and are only able to recognize intracellular infections if pathogen-derived molecules are present on the surface of the infected cell.
T cells B cells |
T cell
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Vertebrate cells express a family of molecules known as __ molecules, that are able to bind small peptides derived from the intracellular protein pool and display them on the cell surface.
cytotoxic T lymphocytes MHC molecules helper T cells |
MHC molecules
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The human MHC is known as the ____.
helper T cells human leukocyte antigens interferons |
human leukocyte antigens
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A key feature of the adaptive immune system was that it dramatically increased the number of __ for any possible pathogen molecule.
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receptors
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T cells use their recombianant receptors to distinguish between host peptides and abnormal peptides (usually viruses). If an abnormal pathogen peptide is detected, these T cells can either try to inhibit viral replication by secreting interferon or actually kill the cell and its contents, these cells are called __.
helper T cells human leukocyte antigens natural killer cells cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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The T cells that recognize these eptides derived from the extracellular environment are called __?
helper T cells HLA natural killer cells |
helper T cells
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On recognizing the presence of pathogen petides, these cells hel other parts of the immune system combat the __.
pathogen bacteria infection |
infection
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The pathogen derived peptides recognized by the two types of T cell are called __.
antibody antigen |
antigen
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Where in the body are host antigens killed by/disposed of within the body?
liver thymus colon |
thymus
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T cells that respond to peptides from EXTRACELLULAR sources are called ___.
cytotoxic T cells helper T cells antibodies antigens |
helper T cells
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T cells that respond to eptides derived from intracellular pathogens are called __.
cytotoxic T cells helper T cells antibodies antigens |
cytotoxic T cells
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T cells that could recognize harmless host (self) peptides are deleted within the __?
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thymus
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__ are a special type of lymphocyte that has receptors for MHC.
cytotoxic T cells natural killer cells helper T cells |
natural killer cells
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What are the 4 different types of immunoglobulins?
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IgG, M, E, A,
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IgA
IgE |
IgM
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Which 2 immunoglobulins are found only within mammels?
G, M, A, E |
IgA and IgG
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Which immunoglobulin is present in most body compartments andis able to activate phagocytosis?
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IgG
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__ is actively secreted across mucosal surfaces and so protects the gut and resiratory tract.
IgA, E, G, M |
IgA
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Which immunoglobulin is actively pumped across the placenta?
IgG IgM IgA IgE |
IgG
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Which immunoglobulin is found in breast milk?
IgG, M, A, E |
IgA
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Once IgM binds onto the surface of pathogens, it then activates components of the innate immune system and stimulates __ and __.
complement/phagocytosis complement/natural killer cells natural killer cells/B cells |
complement/phagocytosis
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Apart from the ability to create B and T cell receptors, the other key feature of the adaptive immune system is __.
complement memory immunoglobulin response |
memory
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During the immune response, B and T cells rapidly divide and produce __ cells which remain within the system for many years, able to respond again if the same pathogen is experienced again.
signal cells daughter cells immunoglobulins antigens |
daughter cells
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Vaccines are an example of immunological __.
antibody memory antigens |
memory
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If a T helper cell decides that the immune system is dealing with an extracellular pathogen, which process is activated?
cytotoxic T lymphocytes immunoglobulin production phagocytosis |
immunoglobulin production
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If an intracellular infection is detected, which immune response is initiated?
immunoglobulins phagocytosis cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
cytotoxic T lymphocytes are required
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Adapted for extracellular organisms:
Innate-phagocytes, complement. Adaptive-immunoglobulin Coordination: Adaptive-helper T cells Adapted for intracellular organisms: Innate-interferon. Adaptive-cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells. |
components of the immune system.
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