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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how many lines of defense are there, what are they called?
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3 lines:
the innate immunity is numbers 1 and 2: #1 = Anatomical, which is skin and mucous membranes. Also, cilia, lysozymes, low pH. Note that this gets rid of 90% or more of pathogens. #2 - Also part of the innate immunity. This is PHAGOCYTOSIS by PMN's (neutrophils) and macrophages. Also immunosurveylance by NK's. #3 - this is ADAPTIVE, Specific, and has MEMORY - and it's mediated by B and T cells. |
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What are the secondary and primary lymphoid organs?
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primary are bone marrow and thymus.
secondary are spleen, tonsils, nodes, GALT, etc. |
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What's the difference between the antigens recognized by T and B cells?
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B cells recognize "native" antigen, while T cells require antigens to be processed under the direction of MHC (major histocompatability complex).
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into what kinds of cells do B cells transform into to release antibodies?
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Plasma cells are their terminal differention.
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What terminal do antibodies use to bind to things?
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the n-terminal. note there are 5 kinds of antibodies, based around a 5 polypeptide chain structure.
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what are the general pathways that antibodies can work through?
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Neurtalization - this is receptor blockade. Prevent invasion of host cells.
Complementation Activation - Involves neutrophils Opsonization - help phagocytosis. Antibody - Dependent Cytotoxicity - Sorta like opsonization where an Ig helps a WBC come in and kill, but this time it ends up with stuff getting injected into the target. |
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what are cytokines, what are some kinds, and what do tey do?
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these are soluble mediators or messengers that regulate the immune system and pathophysiology.
note that some examples include interlukins, lymphokines, monokines. Involved in B/T activation, hematopoesis, toxicity, and inflamation. |
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Cell-mediated vs. Antibody-mediated: what kinds of infects are fought with which method?
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Intracellular parasites are fought off with CELLULAR IMMUNITY (if tuburculosis, with macrophages...if viruses, with cytotoxic T-cells).
Note that Macs are turned on by INTERFERON GAMMA). If extracellular parasite (like blood-borne bacteria and protozoa and hemliths), use ANTIBODY-MEDIATED. |
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what are the major cytokine profiles?
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type 1 are those important for cell-mediated immunity (intracellular pathogens). these include INF-gamma.
type 2 - those important for antibody-mediated (extracellular) immunity - include IL4 Pro-inflamatory - include TNF-alpha and IL6 Anti-inflamaotry - include IL4, and IL10. |
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what are some hallmarks of HIV infection?
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immune ACTIVATION
increased viral replication proinflamatory cytokines drop in CD4 |
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describe active vs. passive immunity:
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active is exemplified by vaccines, whether toxoid or other.
passive means getting it from another person. breast milk (IgA), transplacentral transfer of IgG, |
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what's another name for type 1 immunity?
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delayed hypersensitivy, since it's not going through antibodies and is killing intracellular pathogens.
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when things go wrong with type 1, what happens? what about type 2?
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chronic inflamation, and ALLOGRAFT REJECTION. Problems with T-cells.
type 2 problems include allergies! |
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what are some basic haemopoetic cell lines? What controls this?
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myeloid (macrophages), lymphoid, erythrocytic, megakaryocytes (platelets), granulocytes, NK's, etc.
all controlled by CSF's. |
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what are some kinds of granulocytes?
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neutrophiles (make up 70% of WBC's, first responders),
also, azurophils. Also, Eosinophils! Also, basopihls and mast cells - note that these are non-phagocytic. |
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during development, where are the hematopioetic activity cells?
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first yolk sack, then fetal liver/spleen, then bone marrow.
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where do B and T cells mature, what stage of defense are they located in, and what happens during their maturation?
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Antigen independent differentiation.
B cells mature in the marrow - T in the thymus. Note that these should be antigen-free zones (get exposed to antigen at their secondary sites). T-cells get a T-cell, antigen specific cell surface receptor (after interacting with thymic hormones). Then they kill off autoreactive retards. then, you pick a phenotype (Cd 4 or Cd 8). |
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Where is the "antigen dependent" differentiation, and what's going on?
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in the secondary lymphoid tissues. These include GALT, peyers patches, lymph nodes, etc.
Remember, B cells see "native" antigen - T-cells need them presented. |
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talk about how B cells proliferate
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Depends on antigen binding. One bound, they undergo rapid clonal expansion. Called antibody depednent differentiation. Antigen drives this after binding.
After this happens, b cells differentiate into plasma cells that will spit out antibodies against the antigen that bound them. Also get memory B cells. |
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Lymph nodes - how does lymph enter? how are they organized?
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get in through afferent lymphatics of blood capillaries (high endothelial venules).
Cortex has B-cells Paracortex has T cells Medulla has plasma cells. Paracortex has T-cells Medulla has plasma cells. |
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how is the spleen divided up for our purposes? What's a main product of the spleen?
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immunologic and non-immunologic.
the immunologic is white pulp, non is red. T-cells are in the PALS (peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath) and B-cells are in the primary and secondary follicles. NOTE - makes a lot of IgM |
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peyers patches - what's going on?
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think about M-cells - this is how antigens get in to the blood stream. through the cells. = transcytosis.
APC cells (dridritic cells, macs, etc) get to work. Eventually begins making IgA which feeds back up through the mucous tissue to fight off that specific pathogen. |
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what are the undesirable consequences of acquired immunity?
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allergies, autoimmunity, and graft rejection in organ transplantation.
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