Immunology

Front 1

Action on the ___________ causes fever, anorexia, sleepiness and depression.

Back 1

hypothalamus

Front 2

Action on the ______________ causes increased production and release of white bloodcells.

Back 2

bone marrow

Front 3

Action on the ______________ causes increased synthesis of“acute-phase proteins” that enhance phagocyte actions, etc, and sequestrationof iron.

Back 3

liver

Front 4

Action on _________ enhances protein catabolism and release of a pool of available amino acids.

Back 4

muscle

Front 5

Action on ____________ causes release of stored fats. If chronic, these actions causemuscle and fat wasting, respectively.

Back 5

adipose tissue

Front 6

local signs of inflammation

Back 6

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Front 7

A potential life-threatening result of massivepro-inflammatory cytokine release

“a cytokine storm”

Back 7

shock

Front 8

most infectionsstimulate a generalized response by the animal’s innate immune system called _____________

Back 8

inflammation

Front 9

fatigue, depression, lethargy, wanting to sleep, loss of appetite, muscle and joint soreness, and fever.

Back 9

sickness behavior

Front 10

immune cell secretions that act locally but also circulate in lymph and plasma to distant organs to alert other immune cells that a danger exists.

Back 10

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Front 11

Skin, mucus, airway turbulence, cilia, and intermittent or constant flow across surfaces that inhibit microbial adherence, microbiome

Back 11

non-specific barriers- physical

Front 12

Stomach acid, low pH of urine, free fatty acids on skin, defensins, products of normal flora that inhibit pathogens, microbiome

Back 12

non-specific barriers- chemical

Front 13

fundamental basis of immunity

Back 13

the ability to discriminate self from non-self

Front 14

first line of defense

Back 14

innate immunity

Front 15

second line of defense

Back 15

actions of cells and fluids in the body that act locally and very rapidly toeliminate a microbe that has gained entry.

Specific or nonspecific, relatively transitory

Front 16

causes local dilation and increased leakiness of capillaries allowing plasma proteins and immune cells access to the site of infection

Initiated by PAMPs

Back 16

Inflammation

Front 17

A group of proteins that enzyme cascade

1) better uptake and destruction of microbes by immune cells

2) damage to microbial membranes

3) enhanced inflammation.

Back 17

Complement

Front 18

cells that engulf and digest microbes and microbial debris

used to dispose of apoptotic host cells w/o inflammation.

Back 18

Phagocytosis

Front 19

Paracrine secretions from virus infected cells that create changes in neighboring cells to inhibit further viral spread in the tissue

Back 19

Interferon (type I =α/β)

Front 20

Cells that constantly circulate and migrate through tissues monitoring for signs of viral infection or cancerous transformation. When found, they are killed

Back 20

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Front 21

third line of defense

Back 21

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

Front 22

activities of immune cells learned by prior exposure

Back 22

Acquired immunity

Front 23

characteristics of acquired immunity

Back 23

highly specific, of slower onset, systemic, and longlasting

Front 24

Humoral responses

Back 24

result in the production of antibodies

Front 25

soluble proteins designed to bind tightly to infectious agents

Back 25

antibodies

Front 26

Cell-mediated responses

Back 26

result in the production of cells that use directcell-cell contact to kill a target cell or microbe.

Front 27

what does the immune system "see?"

Back 27

shapes! (not organisms)

Front 28

cells specialized to “see” antigens and initiate acquired immune responses

Back 28

Antigen-presenting cells

Front 29

secrete antibodies in the humoral response or do the killing in cell-mediated responses

Back 29

Effector cells

Front 30

Previous exposure to an antigen, either through a previous infection or by vaccination, leads to the production of memory cells

Back 30

Immunologic memory

Front 31

engulf,inactivate, and hydrolyze particles of foreign and endogenous materials

final common pathway of immune responses

Back 31

Phagocytes

Front 32

polymorphonuclear

largest in number in small animals

live only a few days

highly responsive to bacterial infections

major constituent of pus.

Back 32

Neutrophils

Front 33

Monocyte VS. macrophages

Back 33

monocytes in circulation, live about 3 days

macrophages in tissues, can live for months. 400x more of these than monocytes.

Same cell type.

Front 34

Produced in bone marrow

highly phagocytic

Back 34

Monocyte/macrophage

Front 35

secretion of granule contents

mature in spleen, half-life in circulation 30minutes, half-life in tissues about 12 days, crystalloid granules contain cationic proteins highly toxic to parasites

Back 35

Eosinophils

Front 36

least in number, mostly in circulation, granulescontain potent mediators of inflammation.

Back 36

Basophils

Front 37

do not arise in the bone marrow, do not circulate in blood but are tissue residents. They can sense foreign antigens and initiate or enhance inflammation via granule contents.

Back 37

Mast cells

Front 38

include lymphocytes, plasma cells, and natural killer cells

Back 38

lymphoid cells

Front 39

produced and begin to differentiate in the bone marrow, largest in number (50-75% of WBC) in large animals.

Back 39

Lymphocytes

Front 40

complete antigen-independent differentiation inthe bone marrow

move to secondary lymphoid organs

stimulated to differentiate into absecreting plasma cells

Back 40

B-lymphocytes

Front 41

move from prod site to the thymus for differentiation, then move again to secondarylymphoid organs

2 types

Back 41

T-lymphocytes

Front 42

respond to ag stimulation by secreting cytokines to act on surrounding cells to enhance humoral and cell-mediated responses to antigen.

central to the specific immune response, think HIV

Back 42

T helper cells

Front 43

activated in response to specific antigens and destroy transformed (cancer) or virus infected cells displaying foreign molecules

Back 43

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Front 44

innate.

recognize signs that a cell is infected that are not antigen specific

secrete cytokines to activate other immune cells

Back 44

NK cells

Front 45

a local, temporary response to infectionor tissue damage resulting in increasedblood flow and leakage of fluidfrom capillaries

Back 45

acute inflammation

Front 46

aprolonged, local or generalized, and sometimes unregulated process caused by a persistentinflammatory stimulus that may cause pathology in the host.

Back 46

chronic inflammation

Front 47

macrophages,dendritic cells, mast cells are examples of...

secrete pro inflammatory cytokines

trigger innate immune responses

Back 47

sentinel cells

Front 48

Activatingthe complement cascade

Back 48

Fixation

Front 49

Aset of ~20 plasma proteins that constitute an enzyme cascade

Back 49

Complement

Front 50

byproducts of complement that enhanceinflammatory reaction by causing mast cells degranulation and further influx ofimmune cells

Back 50

C3aand C5a

Front 51

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Back 51

cardinal signs of inflammation

Front 52

immediate.

Histamines

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

Polypeptides

mediated by vasoactive moleculesfrom damaged tissue or sentinel cells

Back 52

stage 1 of vascular permeability

Front 53

hours later, mediated by contraction of endothelial and perivascular cells.Occurs about the time leukocytes begin to emigrate.

Back 53

Stage 2 of vascular permeability

Front 54

preformed and released from mast cell granules

dilates most vessels but constricts pulmonary vessels in herbivores and hepaticveins in dogs

increases secretions from exocrine glands

Back 54

Histamine

Front 55

producedas needed from arachidonic acid by activation of enzymes in response tocell damage

Back 55

Prostaglandinsand leukotrienes

Front 56

synthesisinhibited by NSAIDs

Back 56

prostaglandins

Front 57

include complementbyproducts C3a and C5a

fibrin products produced in blood coagulation

kinins derived from activation of circ. precursors

chemo attractants for neutrophil or macrophage

Back 57

polypeptides

Front 58

first responders, highly phagocytic; largest innumber

half-life incirculation ~12 hours

live few days in tissue

highly responsive to bacterialinfections

bone marrow production can increase rapidly

major constituent of pus. Loves glycogen.

Back 58

Neutrophils

Front 59

Destructionof foreign material and damaged tissue. The finalcommon pathway of almost all immune responses. Neutrophils and macrophages are the professionals, but eosinophils and basophilshave some activity.

Back 59

Phagocytosis

Front 60

failure of the cellular inflammatory responsedue to inherited defects of CD18. No Neutrophils in tissue, so no pus. Early death.

Back 60

Bovine, (canine, feline) leukocyte adhesiondefect (BLAD)

Front 61

provide a handle for better adherence to a foreign particle

Back 61

opsonization

Front 62

deadneutrophils and microbial debris

Back 62

pus

Front 63

three cell surface receptors

Back 63

TLR's, opsonin receptors, integrins

Front 64

alpha/beta dimers with alpha chain (CD11a, b, or c) and common beta chain (CD18)

Back 64

integrins

Front 65

5 steps of phagocytosis

Back 65

1. Adherence

2. Phagosome

3. Kill and Digest

4. Release

5. Extracellular Trapping

Front 66

production of reactive oxygen intermediates

Back 66

Respiratory burst