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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inflammation
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limits infection, and to stimulate healing, response of body tissue to injury (non-specific)
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Inflammation begins with
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damaged tissue, and properties of microbes
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signs of inflammation
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redness, swelling, heat, pain, and maybe loss of function
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healing
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scab form, new growth of capillaries, new growth of tissue cells, scab will be replaced with new tissues, possible scar
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RES - reticuleoendothelical system
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population of phagocytes can be wandering/mobile - found in blood fixed/histocytes - found in tissues (filter microbes from tissues)
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increased permiability
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allow fluid and cells to leave capalliaries, enter tissue. Clotting factors will become active and wall off the injured area. Phagocytes will stick to capillary wall and then enter the tissue
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oxygen dependent killing
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toxic free radicals (cells killed by oxidation) toxic nitrogen components
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whwn the phagosome fuses with the lysosome
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phagolysosome - digestion of microbe
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agranulocytes
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have no granules in the cytoplasm monocyte (blood), mocrophage (tissue) 2-8% WBC population involved in phagocytosis, processing antigens in specific aquired immunity
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prostaglandins
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dialate blood vessels, cause fever, increase motility and metabolism of phagocytes, attract platelets
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lymphocyte
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25-30% WBC population specific, aquired immunity
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oxygen independent killing
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hydrolytic enzymes (break down components of bacterial cell) lysozyme, low ph, lactic acid
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Interferoms as 1st defense (small proteins that are antiviral)
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(protects neighboring cells against infection) produced by infected cells in very small amounts -- release intereferom -- taken up by neighboring cells -- produce antiviral protein to prevent virus replication, limits virus sprea, not virus specific, is species specific
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kinins
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same as histadine + attracts phagocytes
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neutrophil
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PMN, polys, segs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, role-pahgocytosis 60-70% of WBC population
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adherance, engulfment
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microbe enters cell - phagosome
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells primarily involved in transporting oxygen
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dialation of blood vessels in injured area =
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increased blood flow - cause symptoms redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function
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platelets
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cell fragements involved in clotting
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phagocytosis
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engulfment and destruction of microbes by WBC - neutrophils and macrophages
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2nd line of defense found in blood fluid and cells
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fluid - serum-derived from clotted blood, plasma-cloting factors present
cellular-stem cells in bone marrow |
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histamine
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dialate blood vessels, increase blood vessell permeability
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eosimophil
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1-5% WBC population somewhat phagocytic, active in parasitic infections
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enzymes/chemicals as 1st defense
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acidity - skin, stomach, vaginal tract
enzymes - digestive tract lysozyme - attack PTG lactoferin - hold iron |
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2nd line of defense-innate
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cellular and chemical barriers
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chemotaxis
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attraction of phagocytes
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basophil
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1% or less WBC population involved in inflammation
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upper respiratory tract as 1st defense
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ciliated cells - coated with mucus - cilia wave upward so mucas escalaltes (sneezing)
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granulocytes
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granules in cytoplasm and multilobed nucleus
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mucus membranes as 1st defense
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thin, exposedm to body fluids, secretions pass through, coated with mucus - thick, sticky, made of protein, will trap microbes/ protective layer over thin membrane
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1st line of defense-inate
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includes physical and chemical barriers
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non-specific/anate resistance
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physical chemical and cellular barriers
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skin as 1st defense
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keratin (protective layer), dry, shedding cells -- viruses need living cells, normal flora -- low ph
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specific aquired resistance
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resistanc edeveloped for specific microbe aquired = you've had previous exposure
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washing action as 1st defense
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tears, saliva, urine will dislute out microbes
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G.I. Tract - stomach low ph as 1st defense
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small intestine - fast flow, paristalsis (sluffing of cells)
vomiting/diarrhea - perging intestional tract large intestine - normal flora |
