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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do primary lymph organs do? secondary
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primary: where lymphocytes (B/T) mature
Secondary: site of immune response, battle ground |
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what are the primary lymphoid structures
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BM
Thymus B/T mature |
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what are the secondary lymph tissues
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Spleen
LN MALT (BALT, GALT) Tonsils **where immune response occurs, lymphocytes exposed to AG |
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are B cells the ONLY things that mature in BM
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nope, pretty much all WBC mature here except T
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when does BM assue hematpoietic responsibility
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after birth, fetally its YS, liver/spleen
**formation of ALL blood cells is in BM |
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what are especially important hematpoietic bones
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sternum
ribs vert ilium **occurs in red marrow of BM |
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the red marrow has fat, stromal fibroblasts, and HSC. what does this provide the environment for? (3)
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1. myeloid cell maturation
2. B cell maturation 3. T cell progenitors |
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how do mature cells and progenitor T cells leave BM
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vascular sinus
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what is the structure and function of the thymus
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its made of a cortex and medulla
T cell maturation occurs in both areas |
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what is the cellular organization of the thymus
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T cells in various stages of maturation are suspended with a cellular mix of epithelium, FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC cells, macrophages
*T cells mature in the thymus |
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what happens to the thymus with age, what does this do to T cell populations
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decreases dractically
Th (CD4) decrease. loose protection from infection Treg (CD 25, CD4) decrease. autoimmune disease more likely Autoreactive T cells increase |
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describe the structure of LN
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bean shape, has capsule, located at junctions of lymph vessels
**B cell follicle at periphery **T cell area right by it, site of lymphocyte activation |
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how do lymphycytes enter LN
how do lymphocytes exit LN How does AG enter LN |
HEV
Efferent lymoh vessels afferent lymph vessels |
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LN filter AG from where
spleen filters AG from where |
LN: tissue
Spleen: blood |
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what isthe site of lymphocyte activation in a LN
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in the T cell zone
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what is the role of the dendrite in the LN
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enter via affernt vessel and bing/ present AG to T cells in the T cell zone
**when this happend the T cell hangs around for a week or so and proliforates, this makes the LN swell |
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what type of infections cause LN to swell
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bacterial
viral ex. strep, otitis media, tolsilitis, mono, TB, mumps, impacted tooth, STD OR rare but cancer, allergy, arthritis, metabolic disorders |
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what moves lymph around,
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mm pump
one way valves |
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what increases hte likelyhood of AG and T/B meeting
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lymphatic vessels/organs
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how are blood nad lymph related
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blood that is not respobed into the capillary enters the interstitium and is picked up by lymph capillaries, the lymph travels through largers lymph vessels and ducts, thoracic duct, L subclavian, SVC
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what is the organization of the spleen
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red pulp: destroy old RBC
white: lymph area, lympoctye activation. has a germinal center of B cells with T cells nearby in PALS |
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what are PALS
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periarteriolar lymphatic sheath
area of T cells in white pulp of spleen surrounds central artery |
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in the LN AG enters via afferent and lymphocytes enter via HEV, how do AG and lymphocytes enter the spleen
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both enter via splenic a
AG are trapped by splenic macro and DC B go to germinal center/follicles T go to PALS |
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if you dont have a spleen what type of AB will you respond to, what wont you respond to
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respond to IM bc LN survey tissue
wont respond to IV bc there is no spleen to monitor the blood |
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what 3 things cause infection with asplenia
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well no slpeen to monitor BLOOD, encapsulated bacteria are super dangerous
1. strep pneumia- gram +, memingitis, otitis media, pnemonia 2. haemophilis influenzae b- gram -. menengitis. can protect with Hib vaccine can protect against 3. Neiserra meningitis- gram - meningitis, meningococcal vaccine can protect against |
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are asplenic ppl SOL for encapsulated bacterial infection
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nope, there are 2 vaccines
1. Hib, protects Haemophilis influenza 2. meningococcal- protects against neiserria meningitis 3. THe onyl bug that can be harmful that doesnt have a vaccine is strep pnemonia |
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a bug bite can be detrimental for what group of ppl
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ppl with out a slpeen
**the bug bite enters the blood and blood cant be filtered for AG |
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how are ppl with asplenia protected
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1. taking low does of antibiotic daily
2. Hib vaccine (haemophilis influenza) 3. Meningococcal vaccine (neisseria meningitalis) |
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how are mucus lined areas protected, why must they be protected
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epithelium is a way into the body, mouth, lings, gut
*MALT, GALT, BALT, Tonsils |
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whats the difference btwn MALT and tonsils
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MALT: not encapsulated, loose arrangement of B/T, macro, granulo, mast
Tonsils: same deal but partially encapsulated |
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what handles most AG in body?
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MALT/Tonsils
**they are the first things to encounter AG often times |
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name 2 tissue dwelling cells and how do they enter the tissue
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1. mast
2. macrophage *they travel in the blood and then extrasavate through the BV **neutriphiles also need to enter, they arrive first to the scene |
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where do lymphocytes go to and fron
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they travel in the blood into secondary lymph organs and then back into the blood
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what are the 2 parts of cell migrations
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1. extravasation: the cell must be stopped (CAMS: selectins and integrins)
2. Chemotaxis: the cell needs to be told where to go once in the extralymphoid tissue |
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what are cell adhesion molecules? what do they do
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1. selectins
2. integrins **they play a role in extrastavation, they stop cells along the BV so that it can leave the BV |
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what is chemotaxis
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chemokines and cytokines direct the movemnet of cells that extrasvataed through the BV
**neutrophiles get to site of infection **chemotaxis tells B/T where to go in the 2nd lymphoid organs (B/T cell area in spleen and LN) |
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how do T/B get to where they need to be in the spleen/LN
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first, extrasvation with CAM (selctin/integrin)
then there are chemokines that secrete things that attract B nad T to where they need to be |
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when lymphocytes recirculate do they go through 2 or 1 lymphoid organs
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secondary
**blood, secondary (lymph), blood |
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how do lymphocytes enter the spleen
how do lymphocytes enter the LN |
through marginal sinus (then return directly to blood)
HEV, post capillary venules (enter lymph b4 reentering blood) |
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once the lymphocyte enters the HEV and post cap venule what does it do
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if Activated: it stayes there and does mitosis
if not activated it leaves and enters lymph |
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do lymphoctes enter via afferent or efferent vessels
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efferent vessels bring lymph in and afferent brings lymph out
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where do naive T B circulate through
where do effector T cells circulate (memory) where do effector B |
primary LN
slpeen Effector T: home to site of infection (memory, some do secondary organs others go to previous site of infection) Effector B: remain in Lymph and spew out AB |
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what effector lymphocyte stays in the secondary lymphoid organs, what one goes to site of infection
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secondary: B (stay and secrete AB)
site of infection T |
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for the following give the classification, location and fx
BM THymus Slpeen LN MALT Tonsils |
BM: primary, sternum ribs vert ilium, differentiation of blooc cells, B cell maturation
Thymus: primary, above heart, maturation of T cells Spleen: secondary, left UQ, immune response for filtered BLOOD AG LN: secondary, at junction of lymph vessels, groin neck axila abdomen, MALT: secondary, mucosal surface, location of immune response at epithelial surfaces (BALT, GALT) Tonsils: secondary lymphoid organ, black of throat, immune response for AG in nose/mouth |
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what are the threats that the immune system protects against
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AG
infectious organs toxins transplants cancer **these are NON self |
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what does HIV do to the immune system
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Th: attacked and no longer can coordinate the immune response
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what is self
what is nonself |
self: normal body parts, components of an individual
nonself: molecules that were not encountered in maturation, molecules not normally found in the body |
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how can the immune system ID self/nonself
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soluble molecules
cell bound receptors |
