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243 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What cells differentiate from the lymphoid progenitor
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T progenitors and B progenitors give rise to thymocytes and B lymphocytes. These differentiate into helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma cells. Lymphoid progenitor turns into NK cell.
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What cells differentiate from the myeloid progenitor
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Granulocyte progenitor into monocytes and neutrophils. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. Eosinophils. Basophil progenitor turns into basophils and mast cells. Megakaryocytes give rise to platelets and the erythroid progenitor turns into erythrocytes
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Characteristics of monocytes
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Are found in the bloodstream, have horseshoe-shaped nucleus
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Characteristics of macrophages
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Found in tissues and have ruffled membrane with cytoplasm, vacuoles and vesicles
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Chatacteristics of neutrophils
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Found in the bloodstream, multilobed nucleus and small pink granules
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Characteristics of eosinophils
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Found in the bloodstream, have bilobed nucleus with large pink granules
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Characteristics of basophils
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Found in the bloodstream, have bilobed nucleus with large blue granules
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Characteristics of mast cells
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Found in tissues, mucosa and epithelia. Have small nucleus and cytoplasm with large blue granules. Release histamine
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Characteristics of lymphocytes
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Found in the bloodstream and lymphoid tissue. Have large, dark nucleus with a small cytoplasm
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Naïve B cell receptors
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Membrane-bound IgM and IgD
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Describe the structure of immunoglobulins
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2 heavy chains and 2 light chains united by disulfide bonds and a flexible hinge region. Th carboxy terminal of the heavy chains for the FC fragment and anchor IgM and IgG to the membrane and are the constant isotype. The N-terminal of all four molecules face the extracellular space and form the FAB fragment with an idiotype that uniquely bninds a single antigen.
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What are the molecules of the B cell transduction complex
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Ig-α, Ig-β, CD19, CD20
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Describe the T cell receptor
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Has two chains - α and β. The carboxy terminals anchor the molecules to the membrane while the N-terminals form the idiotype which binds a small peptide sequence presented by antigen-presenting cells
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What are the molecules of the T cell transduction complex
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CD3
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Define VDJ recombination
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It’s the process by which B cell Ig heavy chain gene's (and T cell β chain gene's) V, D and J segments are randomly recombined and spliced to form the unique N terminal sequence or idiotype of the B and T receptors
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What is VJ recombination
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It’s the process by which the B cell light chain gene's (and T cell α chain gene's) V and J segments are randomly recombined and spliced to form a unique N terminal sequence or idiotype on the B and T cell receptors
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terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt)
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Inserts random bases (N-nucleotide addition without a DNA template) at the junctions of the V, D and J segments of Ig heavy chain and T cell receptor β chain. It is only active duting the formation of the Ig heavy chain in the B cell or the formation of both α and β chains of the T cell receptor, therefore it can be used as a marker for B and T cell maturation
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Does VDJ recombination always produce a functional protein?
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No. If it does not produce a functional protein from recombination of one of the gene alleles, it can try to make a functional protein from the complimnentary allele. If both attempts fail, apoptosis is induced. If a good protein is achieved, the other allele will shut down by allelic exclusion
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At what stage of gene expression are the variable and constant domains merged?
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They are spliced together at the RNA level
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What are the rag enzymes
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These are the enzymes that catalyze VDJ recombination. Recombination activating gene (rag).
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What are MHC antigens
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A collection of polymorphic genes on the short arm of chromosome 6 that are expressed by nucleated cells (MHC-I) and antigen presenting cells (MHC-II). These genes are expressed codomiantly therefore each individual has a unique combination of MHC antigens (one from the mother, one from the father). Lymphocytes are exposed to these antigens during maturation in the marrow and thymus. If they react to them, they are induced to apoptosis.
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MHC I gene products
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HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C. Expressed on all nucleated cells of the body
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MHC II gene products
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HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR. Expressed on antigen-presenting cells
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Structure of the MHC-I molecule
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Has an α chain anchored to the cell at the carboxy-terminus and three extracellular domains with a peptide-binding groove to accommodate peptides for presentation to lymphocytes. A β2-microglobulin chain that is involved in transport of the class I antigen to the membrane
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Structure of the MHC II molecule
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Has an α and β chain with membrane bound carboxy-terminus and extracellular domains that have a peptide-binding groove on the N-terminal end. Are expressend only by macrophages, B-lympphocytes, dendritic and Langherhans cells
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What is negative and possitive selection
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Lymphocytes with high affinity for self antigens undergo negative selection and apoptosis. Lymphocytes with low affinity for self-antigens are allowed to survive through positive selection
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CD4 molecules
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On the surface of T lymphocytes that interact with MHC-II, and will become helper T cells
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CD8 molecules
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On the surface of T lymphocytes that interact with MHC-I, and will become cytotoxic T cells
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Cell markers: μ+
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pre-B cells in bone marrow with heavy chains
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Cell markers: Tdt+
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Progenitor B cells in bone marrow without heavy chains or pre-thymic/thymic cortex T cells
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Where are Tdt+ T cells found
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bone marrow and thymic pre-cortex
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B cell markers
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CD19, CD20, IgM, B7, CD40, CD20, MHC-II
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T cell markers
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CD4, CD8, CD3, TCR
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B-cell rich areas of the lymph node
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The cortex. Contains primary follicles.
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T-cell rich area of the lymph node
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The paracortex.
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Define: antigen
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Substance that is foregin, complex and with molecular weight over 5,000Kd that can induce an immune response
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Define: epitope
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The portion of the antigen to which the Ig idiotype binds. Antigen should have two epitopes to induce a response.
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Define: hapten
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Single antigenic determinants. An antigen with a single epitope. Needs to form an hapten-carrier complex to induce an immune response
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
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Absense of CD18 (β chain of LFA-1 integrin). No adhesion of leukocytes. Omphalitis, no abscess or pus formation.
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Chemoattractants for neutrophils
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IL-8, C5a, LTB4, formyl methionyl peptides from microorganisms
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Opsonins
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Fc portion of IgG, C3b. Macrophages and eosinophils have recptors
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NADPH oxidase
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Synthesizes superoxide radicals for respiratory burst
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Myeloperoxidase
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Lysosomal enzyme converts H2O2 + Cl- --> hypochlorite (bleach) which is microbicidal
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Pathophysiology of CGD
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Deficiency of NADPH oxidase with no production of superoxide radical and H2O2 which is the substrate for myeloperoxidase to produce bleach. In catalase(-) infections myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 produced by the bacteria. If it's catalase(+), H2O2 is degraded by the bacterial catalase and theres insuficient respiratory burst response to kill Staph, pseudomona, serratia, aspergillus. Dx.: with negative nitroblue tetrazolium test
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MHC-I and MHC-II coreceptors on T cells
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MHC-I --> CD8; MHC-II --> CD4
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LFA-1
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On T cells binds ICAM-1 on macrophages to increase cell-cell adherence during antigen presentation
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CD2
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On T cells binds LFA-3 on macrophages to increase cell-cell adherence
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CD28
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On T cells binds B7 on macrophages to trigger transcription of cytokines
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IL-2
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Secreted by T cells promote their on proliferation after activation.
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Superantigens
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Crosslink TCR with MHC-II in the absense of specific antigen producing policlonal activation and excess production of IFN-γ which activates macrophages with release of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α and systemic shock. Staph enterotoxin, TSST-1 and strep exotoxin are superantigens.
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Cytokines produced by TH1 cells
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IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-2
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Cytokines produced by TH2 cells
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IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10
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Cytokines that stimulate TH1 differentiation
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IL-12, IFN-γ produced by macrophages
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Cytokines that stimulate TH2 differentiation
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IL-4 self-produced by TH2 cells
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Cytokines that inhibit TH1 cells
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IL-4 and IL-10 produced by TH2 cells
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Cytokines that inhibit TH2 cells
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IFN-γ
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Cytokines that stimulate B cell differentiation
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IL-4 and IL-5 produced by TH2 cells
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Pathophysiology of tuberculoid leprosy
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Strong TH1 response with production of IFN-γ and TNF-β that activates cell-mediated immunity with granuloma formation and erradication of the infection. Mild damage to tissue.
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Pathophysiology of lepromatous leprosy
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Strong TH2 response inhibits TH1 cell-mediated immunity. IL-4 and IL-5 activate B cells with production of humoral antibodies that are insuficient to erradicate the infection. Severe tissue damage and disfiguration.
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B7
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On antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and B lymphocytes. It binds CD28 on T lymphocytes to activate production of cytokines
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CD40L
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On TH2 cells. Binds CD40 on B lymphocyte to induce proliferation and isotype swtching. Deficient in X-linked hyper IgM syndrome.
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Costimulatory molecules on B cells
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CD40 and B7, bind CD40L and CD28 on TH2 cells
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Costimulatory molecules on T cells
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LFA-1, CD2, CD28. Bind ICAM-1, LFA-3 and B7 on macrophages respectively
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Thymus-independent antigens
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Gram(-) LPS and capsular antigens directly stimulate B cells to produce IgM antibodies. Weaker response with no immunologic memory.
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Papain Ig digestion
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Produces 2 Fab plus 1 Fc. Fab fragments are capable of binding
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Pepsin Ig digestion
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Produces 1 Fab2 plus 1 Fc. Fab2 is capable of binding and bridging
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Characteristics of IgM
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Pentamer has low affinity, highest avidity; most effective activator of the complement; incapable of binding Fc receptors and thus induce ADCC; It's the first to be released (before isotype switching).
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Define: affinitty maturation
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Random somatic hypermutations of the idiotype increase its affinity for antigen. Therefore as the response evolves, the avidity decreases but the affinity increases.
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Define: isotype switching
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TH2 cells direct the activated B cell to start expressing the isotypes directly downstream from the IgM isotype
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X-linked hyperIgM syndrome
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Defective CD40L on TH cells. No stimulation of isotype switching by B cells with high levels of IgM (>1.5 mg/mL) and low levels of IgG, IgA, IgE. Recurrent respiratory infections, specially P. jirovenci.
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Characteristics of IgG
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Produced after IgM; activates the complement, opsonizes and mediates ADCC; its transported across the placenta.
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Characteristics of IgA
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Inhibits binding of antigens to mucosal surfaces; exists as a dimer; secreted in breast milk; does not activate complement or act as opsonin
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Characteristics of IgE
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Binds Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils (releasing histamine) to mediate type I allergic reactions. Protects against parasites
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Antibodies that can activate the classic complement
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IgG, IgM
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Cell-mediated immunity
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Response against intracellular pathogens. Macrophages, CD8 T cells and NK cells are activated by TH1 cells after activation by MHC-I/TCR interaction
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IFN-γ
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Secreted by TH1, CD8 and NK cells. Stimulates TH1 proliferation, inhibits TH2 proliferation, enhances macrophage phagocytosis, upregulate MHC molecules.
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CTL costimulatory molecules
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CD28 on CTLs bind B7 on APCs. IL-2 produced by TH1 cells stimulate CTL differentiation
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Mechanism of CTL and NK mediated killing
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Release of perforins create membrane pores; granzymes induce caspases and apoptosis; IFN-γ, TNF-α and TNF-β induce apoptosis; Fas ligand expressed by CTLs binf Fas receptor on target cell activating caspases and apoptosis; Fc receptors for ADCC; NK cells kill their target when theres no MHC-I present on their surface
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NK cell markers
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CD16 and CD56
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Macrophage cell markers
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CD14
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Evasion of immune response by CMV
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Down regulates MHC-I molecules on host cell to evade cytotoxic killing; synthesizes a decoy MHC-I to fool NK cells; cannot escape ADCC
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Risks of passive immunotherapy
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Anaphylaxis; anti-isotype antibodies and type III reactions; persons with selective IgA deficiency can develop reactions against infused IgA (a molecule they have not seen before)
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Antibody to diagnose infections in neonates
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IgM because IgG and IgA are maternal
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Vaccines given at birth
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HBV
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Vaccines given at 2, 4 and 6 months
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DTP, Hib, inactive polio, PCV, HBV
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Vaccines given at 1 year
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MMR
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Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
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X-linked recessive. No B cells, No Igs. Recurrent staph, haemophilus and strep infections after 6 months. Increased pre-B cells. Mutation of B-cell Bruton tyrosine kinase (btK).
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Common variable immunodeficiency
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B-cell maturation defect. Hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections, giardia lamblia.
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DiGeorge syndrome
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Failure to develop 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches results in absence of parathyroid and thymus glands, hypocalcemia, tetany, T-cell deficiency, recurrent viral infections, heart defects, chronic candidiasis
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SCID
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B and T cell deficiency due to mutation of IL-2 receptor (x-linked), adenosine deaminase deficiency (AR) or failure to make MHC II. Recurrent infections and susceptibility to candida, CMV and p. carinii
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Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome
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X-linked recessive. "WIPE": recurrent infections, thrombocytopenic purpura, eczema, risk of lymphomas, low IgM
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Ataxia-Telangiectasia
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Ataxia, spider angiomas, low IgA, defect of DNA repair enzyme
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Chronic granulomatous disease
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Low NADPH oxidase. Recurrent catalase+ infections, negative nitroblue tetrazolium test.
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Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
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Defect of CD-18 (LFA-1 beta chain), no pus formation, failure of umbilical cord to detach
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Chediak-Higashi
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Defect in microtubules with no phagocytosis by lysosome. Partial albinism, peripheral neuropahty, recurrent infections
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Hereditary angioedema
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Edema at mucosal surfaces. Defect of C1-INH (esterase inhibitor). Decreased C1, C2, C4
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Hyper IgM
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Defect of CD-40L on T-lymphocytes. No isotope switching, increased IgM
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MHC-I deficiency
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Normal CD4, no CD8. Failure of TAP-1 to transport peptides to MHC-I groove
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Rh- mother develops antiRh+ IgG that injures fetus. Rx. RhoGAM.
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Examples of autografts
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Same individual transplant. Skin grafting in burns, coronary artery replacement with saphenous veins, hair transplant
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Syngeneic grafts
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Between genetically identical twins
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Alogeneic grafts
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Between members of the same species
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Xenogeneic grafts
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Between members of different species
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Mechanism of graft rejection
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CD8 and CD4 host cells enter in contact with the graft tissue and fail to recognize MHC on its surface. TH1 start to produce IFN-γ and TNF-β that activate macrophages and upregulate MHC-I and II molecules on the graft.
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Hyperacute graft rejection
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Minutes to hours. Mediated by preformed antibodies and complement. Anaphylactic reaction
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Accelerated graft rejection
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Days. Reactivation of sensitized T cells
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Acute graft rejection
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Days to weeks. Primary activation of T cells
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Chronic graft rejection
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Months to years.
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Graft Vs. host disease
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Occur after bone marrow transplant if mature donor T cells are present. Donor T cells react against recipient causing rash, jaundince, diarrhea, and GI hemorrhage
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Tissue compatibility tests
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ABO blood typing, HLA matching (tissue typing), screening for preformed antibodies and crossmatching
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Universal blood donor
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Type O. These individuals will have anti-A and anti-B IgM antibodies and therefore can only accept O blood.
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Universal blood acceptor
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Type AB. These individuals have no antibodies against A or B blood and can accept any blood type
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Direct coombs test
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Detects antibodies bound to RBC. Used to diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia or anti-Rh antibodies directly in the fetus
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Indirect Coombs test
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Detecs production of anti-RBC antibodies. Used to detect anti-Rh antibodies in the mother.
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Latex bead agglutination test
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Antibodies against the pathogen are conjugated to latex beads. When a drop of infected CSF is placed on the bead, agglutination occurs. Available for meningitis by Haemophilus, pneumococcus, menigococcus, Cryptococcus neoformans
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ELISA test
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The particular antigen is coated onto microplates and serum from the patient is added followed by addition of enzyme-labeled antihuman Ig. A chromogenic substrate for the enzyme is then added which produces color if positive. Very sensitive. Used for the HIV p24 antigen as well as many hormones, antibiotics, proteins infectious antigens and tumor markers.
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Western blot test
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HIV antigens are blotted into nitrocellulose paper followed by patient serum and an antihuman Ig conjugated to radioactive labels or enzyme. The resulting radioactivity or color change is detected by microscope.
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Flow cytometry test
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Analyzes and sorts cell types from a complex mixture. Fluorescent antibodies of different colors agasint cell surface markers bind to different cell types and are detected by a machine that plots a histogram with the x-axis for one dye and the y-axis for the other. Therefore cells that are CD3+ and CD8+ will be plotted on the top right quadrant.
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CD2 (LFA-2)
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Adhesion molecule expressed by T-cells, thymocytes, NK cells. Binds LFA-3 on lymphocytes and APCs
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CD3
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Signal transduction complex of T cells
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CD4
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Co-receptor for TCR-MHC-II interaction on TH cells. Receptor for HIV.
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CD8 molecules
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Co-receptor for MHC-I/TCR interaction on CTLs.
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CD14
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LPS receptor binds LPS expressed by monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes
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CD16
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Fc receptor on NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils. IgG-mediated opsonization and ADCC
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CD18
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β chain of LFA-1 integrin on leukocytes. Cell adhesion molecule missing in LAD
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CD19
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Coreceptor with CD21 for B-cell activation and signal transuction
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CD20
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B-cell activation
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CD21
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Receptor for C3d and B cell coreceptor complex eith CD19. EBV receptor.
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CD28
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T cell receptor for costimulatory molecule B7 on APCs
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CD34
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Mediates adhesion to leukocyte L-selectin. Expressed by hematopoietic precurssors and HEVs
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CD40
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Expressed by APCs and endothelium. Binds CD40L on TH cells for activation
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CD10
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CALLA. Expressed by acute lymphlobastic leukemia cells (ALL)
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CD46
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Expressed by NK cells
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IL-1
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Secreted by APCs and endothelium. TH cell activation; B-cell maturation; Enhances NK cells; Increases ICAM expression on endothelium; Chemotactic for macrophages and neutrophils; Acute phase reactant synthesis by hepatocytes; Induces fever in hypothalamus
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IL-2
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Secreted by TH cells. Induces proliferation and enhances activity of TH and CTLs
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IL-3
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Secreted by TH and NK cells. Growth and differentiation of myeloid cells
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IL-4
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Secreted by TH2 cells. Costimulates activation of antigen-primed B cells; Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of activated B cells; Isotype switching from IgG1 to IgE; Suppresses TH1 cells; Stimulates TH2 cells.
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IL-5
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Secreted by TH2 cells. Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of activated B cells and induces isotype switch to IgA
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IL-6
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Secreted by macrophages and TH2 cells. Promotes terminal differentiation into plasma cells; Stimulates Ab secretion; Promotes differentiation of myeloid stem cells; Induces acute-phase reactant synthesis by hepatocytes.
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IL-7
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Secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells. Induces differentiation of lymphoid stem cells into progenitor B and T cells.
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IL-8
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Secreted by macrophages and endothelium. Chemotactic for neutrophils.
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IL-10
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Secreted by TH2 cells. Suppresses TH1 cells; Stimulates TH2 cells.
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IL-12
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Secreted by macrophages and B-cells. Differentiation of TH1 cells; Differentiation and proliferation of CD8 cells; Proliferation of NK and TH1 cells
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IFN-α
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Secreted by leukocytes. Inhibits viral replication
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IFN-β
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Secreted by fibroblasts. Inhibits viral replication
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TGF-β
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Secreted by platelets, macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells. Induces IgA isotype switching on B cells
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TNF-α
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Secreted by macrophages and NK cells. Cytotoxic to tumor cells; Cytokine secretion by inflammatory cells; cachexia of chronic inflammation
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TNF-β
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Secreted by TH1 and CTLs. Cytotoxic to tumor cells; Enhances phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
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Secreted by macrophages and TH cells. Proliferation of bone marrow granulocyte precursors; Used as Rx.: for neutropenia.
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Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
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Secreted by macrophages and TH cells. Proliferation of granulocyte and macrophage precursors. Used as Rx. For neutropenia.
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P-selectin
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Selectin on endothelium and platelets.
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E-selectin
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Selectin on activated endothelium
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L-selectin
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Selectin on leukocytes binds CD34 (endothelial venules), GlyCam-1 (HEVs) and MadCAM-1 (mucosal lymhpoid tissue venules)
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LFA-1
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Integrin expressed by monocytes, T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. Binds ICAMs
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CR3
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On neutrophils and macrophages. Binds ICAM-1, C3b, fibrinogen
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CR4
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On dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils. Binds C3b
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VCAM-1
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Adhesion molecule xpressed by active endothelium. Binds VLA-4 on leukocytes
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ICAMs
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On vessels and lymphocytes. Bind LFA-1 on leukocytes.
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TH cell surface molecules
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CD4, CD3, TCR, CD28, CD40L
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CTL cell surface molecules
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CD8, TCR, CD3
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Macrophage cell surface molecules
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MHC-II, B7, CD40, CD14, Fc and C3b receptors
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NK cell surface molecules
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Receptors for MHC-I, CD16, CD56
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Type of hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis
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Type I
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Type of hypersensitivity: Allergic rhinitis
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Type I
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Type of hypersensitivity: hemolytic anemia
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: ITP
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: eythroblastosis fetalis
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: rheumatic fever
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: Goodpasture syndrome
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: Bullous pemphigoid
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: Graves
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: Myasthenia gravis
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Type II
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Type of hypersensitivity: SLE
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Rheumatoid arthritis
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: PAN
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Poststrep glomerulonephritis
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Serum sickness
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Arthus reaction
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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Type III
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Type of hypersensitivity: Type 1 DM
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: Multiple sclerosis
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: Guillain-Barre
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: Hashimoto's
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: Graft Vs. Host
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: PPD test for tuberculosis
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Type IV
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Type of hypersensitivity: Contact dermititis
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Type IV
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ANA
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SLE
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Anti-dsDNA
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Specific for SLE
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Anti-Smith
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Specific for SLE
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Antihistone
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Drug-induced lupus
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Anti-IgG
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Rheumatoid factor/rheumatoid arthritis
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Anticentromere
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CREST
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Anti-Scl-70
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Diffuse scleroderma
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Antimitochondrial
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Primary billiary cirrhosis
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Antigliadin
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Celiac disease
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Anti-GBM
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Goosdpasture
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Anti-epithelial cell (anti-desmosome)
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Antimicrosomal
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Hashimoto's
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Antithyroglobulin
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Hashimoto's
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Anti-Jo-1
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Polymyositis, dermatomyositis
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Anti-SS-A (anti-Ro)
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Sjogren
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Anti-SS-B (anti-La)
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Sjogren
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Anti-U1 RNP
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Mixed connective tissue disease
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Anti-smooth muscle
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Autoimmune hepatitis
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Anti-glutamate decarboxylase
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Type 1 DM
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c-ANCA
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Wegener's
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p-ANCA
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PAN
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HLA-B27
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Psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Reiter's (PAIR)
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HLA-B8
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Grave's disease, celiac sprue
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HLA-DR2
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Multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture
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HLA-DR3
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DM type 1
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HLA-DR4
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Rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 DM
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HLA-DR5
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Pernicius anemia, Hashimoto's
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HLA-DR7
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Steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome
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processes responsible for idiotype diversity
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1) gene rearrangements at the DNA level; 2) alternative splicing to isotype at RNA level
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heavy chain gene structure
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DVJ segments, delta, gamma3, gamma1, alpha1, gamma2, gamma4, epsilon, alpha2
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site of immature thymocytes in the thymus
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cortex; CD3+, CD4+, CD8+
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mu+
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heavy chains are formed in cytoplasm, but light chain rearrangement is in process --> pre-B-cell
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tdt+
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heavy chains are in the process of being formed --> pro-B-cell
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markers of T cells as they leave bone marrow to thymus
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CD4-, CD8-, TCR-; they are in the process of gene rearrangement as they leave marrow; in thymic cortex they are CD4+, CD8+, TCR+
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origin of C5a
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endothelial damage --> activates Hageman --> plasmin actiavation
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origin of fibrinopeptides
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endothelial damage --> Hageman --> thrombin --> fibrin clot degradation
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antigen presentation on MHC-II molecules
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1) antigen is endocytosed; 2) newly formed MHC-II in the endoplasmic reticulum have invariant chains that block the idiotype, so that it wont react with cytoplasm antigens; 3) MHC-II with invariant chains are transferred to antigen-containning vesicles; 4) MHC-II vesicles fuse with antigen-containning vesicles and the invariant chain is degraded; 5) the MHC-II molecule reacts with antigen and is transported to the membrane
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invariant chain
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it's a protein that blocks MHC-II idiotype so that it doesn’t react with cytoplasm antigens until in reaches foreign antigen-containning vesicles
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TAP complex
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transports cytoplasm degradation peptides into endoplasmic reticulum so that MHC-I molecules react with them
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beta2 microglobulin
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not encoded within MHC; helps transport antigen-loaded MHC-I to membrane
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binding sites of superantigens
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variable beta domain of TCR and alpha chain of MHC-II; does not bind idiotypes --> polyclonal activation
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interleukin for IgE isotype switch
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IL-4
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interleukin for IgA isotype switch
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IL-5
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interleukin for differentiation of myeloid progenitors
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IL-3
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interleukin for differentiation of lymphoid progenitors
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IL-7
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B-cell mitogen
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thymus independent antigens that directly and polyclonally activate B cells to secrete IgM; lipopolysacchride and polysacchride capsules are mitogens
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pepsin cleavage site of immunoglobulins
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just below the hinge region to produce 1 Fab2 and 1 Fc fragments
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papain cleavage site of immunoglobulins
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just above the hinge region to produce 2 Fab and 1 Fc fragments
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isotype region of immunoglobulins
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Fc fragment
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constant heavy chain region of immunoglobulins
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just above hinge region and below idiotype region
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variable heavy chain region of immunoglobulins
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at the N-terminal end, above the hinge and constant regions
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C3b binding region of IgG and IgM
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below the hinge region
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order of isotype switching
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IgM, IgG, IgA (IL-5), IgE (IL-4)
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Ig's that can opsonize
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IgG
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Ig's that can activate the complement
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IgG, IgM
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Ig's that activate ADCC
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IgG
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NK cell stimulant molecules
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IFN-α, IFN-β and IL-12 produced by macrophages
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