Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Principal Immune Activities
|
Surveillance, recognition of foreign material, and destruction of foreign material.
|
|
|
Recognition of Foreign Material
|
Scan surface material for indications and attempt to destroy the material; malfunctions include overzealous responses (autoimmunity), overwhelmed (by toxin amt.), and underactive (cancer).
|
|
|
Body Systems of Immunity
|
Epithelium, reticuloendethelial system, extracellular fluid, blood, and lymphatic system.
|
|
|
Epithelium
|
Skin, mucous membranes (traps and washes away), secretions (mechanical), and normal flora (takes up real estate).
|
|
|
Reticuloendethelial System
|
Somatic cells secured by network of tissue fibers called a reticulum.
|
|
|
Extracellular Fluid
|
Fluids in the reticulum that bathe cells.
|
|
|
Blood
|
Plasma (fluid, 55%) and formed elements (solids, 45%).
|
|
|
Blood Fluid Components
|
Proteins including antibodies, clotting factors, and albumin. Plasma = fluid portion before clotting v. Serum = fluid portion after clotting.
|
|
|
Cellular Blood Components
|
Erythrocytes (RBC's), leukocytes (WBC's), and thrombocytes (platelets). All born in the red bone marrow from hematopoetic stem cells.
|
|
|
Immune System Branch Classification
|
Innate immunity includes granulocytes (basophils and neutrophils), antigen-presenting cells (monocytes & dendritic) and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity includes B and T cells.
|
|
|
Lymphatics
|
Lymph fluid, vessels, and organs & tissues. Immunity, communication between circulatory systems, mitigate inflammation.
|
|
|
Lymph Nodes
|
Activity sites for WBC's and lymph cells at major vessel junctions.
|
|
|
Spleen
|
Lymphatic organ that filters blood. Resident macrophages destroys filtered pathogens. Splenomegaly = enlarged spleen.
|
|
|
Thymus
|
Lymphatic site of T cell maturation.
|
|
|
Other Lymphatic Sites
|
Tonsils (function like lymph nodes), breasts supply antibodies to baby.
|
|
|
Innate Immunity
|
Automatic (natural) or nonspecific (broad-spectrum). If innate fails, then adaptive steps in.
|
|
|
Innate Immune Cells
|
Granulocytes, antigen-presenting cells, natural killer cells. Fc receptors communicate with adaptive antibodies.
|
|
|
Granulocytes
|
Crude warfare. Neutrophils most common leukocytes, phagocytose invaders. Basophils & eosinophils destroy eukaryotes via toxic granule release. Mast cells inflammation and allergy.
|
|
|
Antigen-Presenting Cells
|
Immunogen/antigen - any entity that elicits immune response. APC's incapable of determining foreign nature, present to other immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, & B cells).
|
|
|
Macrophage
|
Matured monocytes: phagocytose pathogens, secrete effector molecules, stimulate other cells, inflammation.
|
|
|
Dendritic Cells
|
Stimulate other cells and phagocytose pathogens.
|
|
|
Natural Killer Cells
|
Release toxic granules, targeting cancer- and virus-infected cells.
|
|
|
Innate Immunity Chemicals
|
Complement, cytokines, interferons.
|
|
|
Complement
|
Plasma proteins that automatically recognize and attack foreign particles in a "domino" fashion. Kill thru membrane attack complex (MAC), opsonizing for phago, or inflammatory cell recruitment.
|
|
|
Cytokines
|
Both innate & adaptive. Secreted to stimulate other cells. Chemokine subclass direct cell trafficking.
|
|
|
Interferons
|
Subclass of cytokines. Besides antiviral, can regulate overall immune function and facilitate innate-adaptive communication.
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Monocytes/macrophages and cytokines engulf bacteria/virus, destroy it, and excrete it across surface.
|
|
|
Inflammation
|
Nonspecific. Heat, pain, redness, or swelling make environment inhospitable for pathogen.
|
|
|
Adaptive Immunity
|
Specificity and memory.
|
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
Class of WBC's that circulate thru lymphoid tissues as well as lymph and blood (ex. B & T cells).
|
|
|
Interferons
|
Subclass of cytokines. Besides antiviral, can regulate overall immune function and facilitate innate-adaptive communication.
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Monocytes/macrophages and cytokines engulf bacteria/virus, destroy it, and excrete it across surface.
|
|
|
Inflammation
|
Nonspecific. Heat, pain, redness, or swelling make environment inhospitable for pathogen.
|
|
|
Adaptive Immunity
|
Specificity and memory.
|
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
Class of WBC's that circulate thru lymphoid tissues as well as lymph and blood (ex. B & T cells).
|
|
|
Lymphocyte Maturation
|
B cells in bone marrow, T cells in thymus. Self-reactive cells eliminated, foreign-reactive cells encouraged. Responds to ONE specific antigen.
|
|
|
Adaptive - Innate
|
Cytokines and antigenic presentation.
|
|
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex Receptors
|
Membrane glycoproteins. Class I present cystolic peptides specific for CD8 T cells. Class II presents peptides from intracellular vesicles specific for CD4 T cells.
|
|
|
T Cells
|
Cell-mediated/cellular response. CD4 or CD8.
|
|
|
CD4 T Cells
|
TH helper cells stimulate macrophages, CD8 T cells, or B cells.
|
|
|
CD8 T Cells
|
TC cytotoxic cells destroy damaged or infected cells with granule release (more specific than neutrophils). Perforin makes entryway while granzymes initiate cascade.
|
|
|
B Cells
|
Unactivated. Activated to become plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ab or Ig]).
|
|
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex Receptors
|
Membrane glycoproteins. Class I present cystolic peptides specific for CD8 T cells. Class II presents peptides from intracellular vesicles specific for CD4 T cells.
|
|
|
T Cells
|
Cell-mediated/cellular response. CD4 or CD8.
|
|
|
CD4 T Cells
|
TH helper cells stimulate macrophages, CD8 T cells, or B cells.
|
|
|
CD8 T Cells
|
TC cytotoxic cells destroy damaged or infected cells with granule release (more specific than neutrophils). Perforin makes entryway while granzymes initiate cascade.
|
|
|
B Cells
|
Unactivated. Activated to become plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulin [Ab or Ig]).
|
|
|
B Cell Activation
|
Collect and internally process antigens from surroundings. Display antigens on surface. CD4 T cell recognizes surface antigens and stimulates B cell.
|
|
|
Antibody Function
|
Opsomization: make more susceptible to phagocytosis. Agglutination: swamps to render dysfunctional. Toxin neutralization.
|
|
|
Antibody Structure
|
Y-shaped. Binding regions = variable regions. Structural regions = constant regions.
|
|
|
Five Antibody Classes
|
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM. Also called isotypes. Distinct C regions. Differ in function and localization in body.
|
|
|
IgG
|
Most prevalent. Only antibody that can cross placenta. Versatile functioning. Memory antibody.
|
|
|
Locating Infection
|
Epithelial cells display leukocyte surface receptors. Leukocytes are snagged by rolling adhesion and diapedesis squeezes thru epithelium to follow chemokine signals.
|
|
|
Immunity
|
Specific mechanisms leftover from previous infections that protect in the future.
|
