Immunology

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For example, the integrins and selectins. These are molecules that mediate the binding of cells to other cells or to extracellular matrix molecules such as fibronectin.

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Adhesion molecules

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Variants of a single genetic locus.

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Allele

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A substance that can react with an antibody. Not all _____ can induce antibody production; those that can are also called immunogens.

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Antigen (Ag)

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Strictly, a bursa-derived cell in avian species and, by analogy, a cell derived from the equivalent of the bursa in nonavian species. _____ are the precursors of plasma cells that produce antibody.

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B cell (also B lymphocyte)

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 Immunity in which the participation of lymphocytes and macrophages is predominant.

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Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity

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Fragments of complement proteins released during activation. Result in increased vascular permeability and attract leukocytes.

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Anaphylatoxins

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A protein produced as a result of interaction with an antigen. The protein has the ability to combine with the antigen that stimulated its production.

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Antibody (Ab)

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Low-molecular-weight proteins that stimulate leukocyte movement.

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Chemokines

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A process whereby phagocytic cells are attracted to the vicinity of invading pathogens.

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Chemotaxis

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A set of plasma proteins that is the primary mediator of antigen-antibody reactions.

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Complement

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The lysis of bacteria or of cells such as tumor or red blood cells by insertion of the membrane attack complex derived from complement activation.

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Cytolysis

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T cells that can kill other cells, eg, cells infected with intracellular pathogens.

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Cytotoxic T cell

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Bacterial toxins released from damaged cells

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Endotoxins

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Site on an antigen recognized by an antibody. Also known as an antigenic determinant.

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Epitope

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A molecule that is not immunogenic by itself but can react with specific antibody.

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Hapten

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Sharing transplantation antigens

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Histocompatible

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Pertaining to immunity in a body fluid and used to denote immunity mediated by antibody and complement.

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Humoral immunity

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IgE antibody is induced by allergen and binds via its Fc receptor to mast cells and eosinophils. After encountering the antigen again, the fixed IgE becomes cross-linked, inducing degranulation and release of mediators, especially histamine.

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Type I. Immediate antibody-mediated hypersensitivity

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Antigens on a cell surface combine with antibody, which leads to complement-mediated lysis (eg, transfusion or Rh reactions) or other cytotoxic membrane damage (eg, autoimmune hemolytic anemia).

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Type II. antibody-mediated hypersensitivity

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Antigen-antibody immune complexes are deposited in tissues, complement is activated, and polymorphonuclear cells are attracted to the site, causing tissue damage.

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Type III. Immune complex antibody-mediated hypersensitivity

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T lymphocytes, sensitized by an antigen, release cytokines upon second contact with the same antigen. The cytokines induce inflammation and activate macrophages.

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Type IV. Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity

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Development of resistance (immunity) to a foreign substance (eg, infectious agent). It can be antibody-mediated (humoral), cell-mediated (cellular), or both.

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Immune response

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Nonspecific resistance not acquired through contact with an antigen. It includes skin and mucous membrane barriers to infectious agents and a variety of nonspecific immunologic factors, and it may vary with age and hormonal or metabolic activity.

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Innate immunity

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Protection acquired by deliberate introduction of an antigen into a responsive host. Active immunity is specific and is mediated by either antibody or lymphoid cells (or both).

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Adaptive immunity

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A glycoprotein, composed of H and L chains, that functions as antibody. All antibodies are ________, but not all ________ have antibody function.

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Immunoglobulin

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A subdivision of immunoglobulin molecules based on structural (amino acid sequence) differences. In humans there are five: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.

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Immunoglobulin class

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A subdivision of the classes of immunoglobulins based on structural differences in the H chains. For human IgG there are four: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.

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Immunoglobulin subclass

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Local accumulation of fluid and cells after injury or infection.

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Inflammation

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One of a heterogeneous group of low-molecular-weight proteins elaborated by infected host cells that protect noninfected cells from viral infection. _______, which are cytokines, also have immunomodulating functions.

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Interferon

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General term for a white cell.

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Leukocyte

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A mononuclear cell 7–12 m in diameter containing a nucleus with densely packed chromatin and a small rim of cytoplasm. _______ include the T cells and B cells, which have primary roles in immunity.

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Lymphocyte

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A phagocytic mononuclear cell derived from bone marrow monocytes and found in tissues and at the site of inflammation. ________ serve accessory roles in immunity, particularly as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

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Macrophage

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A cluster of genes located in close proximity, eg, on human chromosome 6, that encode the histocompatibility antigens.

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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The end product of activation of the complement cascade, which contains C5, C6, C7, and C8 (and C9). The ________ makes holes in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria, killing them and, in red blood or other cells, resulting in lysis.

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Membrane attack complex

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Each B lymphocyte produces antibody of a single specificity. However, normal B cells do not grow indefinitely. If B cells are fused to a myeloma cell by somatic cell hybridization and fused cells that secrete the desired antibody specificity are selected, an immortalized antibody-producing cell line, known as a hybridoma, is obtained, and these hybrid cells produce _________.

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Monoclonal antibodies

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A circulating phagocytic blood cell that develops into tissue macrophages.

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Monocyte

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Large granular lymphoid cells with no known antigen-specific receptors. They are able to recognize and kill certain abnormal cells, eg, tumor cells, and also activate the innate response.

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Natural killer (NK) cells

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A substance capable of enhancing phagocytosis. Antibodies and complement are the two main ________.

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Opsonin

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The coating of an antigen or particle (eg, infectious agent) by substances, such as antibodies, complement components, fibronectin, and so forth, that facilitate uptake of the foreign particle into a phagocytic cell.

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Opsonization

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A terminally differentiated B cell that secretes antibody.

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Plasma cell

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Also known as a neutrophil or granulocyte, a ______ is characterized by a multilobed nucleus. _____ migrate from the circulation to a site of inflammation by chemotaxis and are phagocytic for bacteria and other particles.

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Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)

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A thymus-derived cell that participates in a variety of cell-mediated immune reactions.

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T cell (also T lymphocyte)

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Developing T cells found in the thymus.

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Thymocytes

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Induction of immunity by injecting a dead or attenuated form of a pathogen.

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Vaccination