Immunology 11 - Vaccines

Front 1

What are 3 reasons why vaccines are so beneficial?

Back 1

1. Generate protective immunity for the individual

2. Generate herd immunity for the population

3. Save money

Front 2

What are the 2 main components of the influenza virus?

Back 2

1. Hemagglutunun (HA) - attaches virus to cell receptor (major target for neutralizing antibodies)

2. Neuraminidase (N) - involved in the release of virus from cell

Note: Different strains of influenza have different variants of HA and N proteins

Front 3

What is antigenic drift wrt influenza?

Antigenic shift?

Back 3

Drift - the mutation of HA that creates altered epitopes that are no longer recognized by antibodies in some INDIVIDUALS

Shift - The reassortment of different viral genomes, creating a new HA that may not have been seen in ENTIRE POPULATION (ex: swine flu)
-This causes pandemics

Front 4

What is the overall goal of vaccination?

Back 4

The induction of a memory response

Front 5

What are the 3 basic types of vaccines?

Back 5

1. Live attenuated vaccine - use virus with reduced pathogenicity (Ex: grow virus in cow)

2. Inactivated Vaccines - exposure to denaturing agent results in loss of infectivity without loss of antigenicity

3. Fragment or subunit vaccine - pieces of virus or bacteria derived from the organism protein, peptide, or polysaccharide

Front 6

What is the down side of inactivated, synthetic, or peptide vaccines?

Back 6

1. Don't induce lifelong immunity

2. induce little cellular immunity (because can't infect cells)

Front 7

What are adjuvants?

Back 7

Items put in vaccine that help stimulate the immune system to help optimize the signaling to the adaptive immune system