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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antigens
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things the immune system specifically reacts with
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Epitopes
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what antibodies and T cells physically bind to.
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Haptens
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•compounds that are only immunogenic when attached to a larger molecule called a carrier
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What are the basic functions of B lymphocytes
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secrete antibodies (as plasma cells), present antigen
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what are the basic funcitions of T lymphocytes
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kill infected cells, secrete cytokines, activate phagocytes, T and B cells
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NK cells
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kill tumor and virally infected cells
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How to B cells capture antigens
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cell surface antibody molecules
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how do macrophages capture antigens
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phagocytosis
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how do dendritic cells capture antigens and where do they deliver them
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endocytosis and to the lymph nodes
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what are the products of the common lymphoid progenitor
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B T and NK cells
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what are the products of the common myeloid progenitor
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, macrophages
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what are the products of the common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor
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platelets and erythrocytes
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what are the normal blood cell counts of white blood cells
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4500-11000 per microliter
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What do antibodies bind to
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large and small molecules
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what does TCR bind to
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oligiopepties and MHC molecules
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What do MHC class 1 or 2 molecules bind to
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oligiopeptides
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What are the primary organs of the immune system
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Bone marrow and thymus
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What are the secondary organs of the immune system
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Spleen and lymph nodes
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What are four characteristics of the innate immune system
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Nonspecific, no memory, fast, constant
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Water for characteristics of the adaptive immune system
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Highly specific, has memory, slow, improves
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What are the mechanical barriers of the respiratory tract
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Flow of fluid and mucus by cilia, airflow
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What are the chemical barriers of the gastrointestinal tract
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Acidity, enzymes proteases
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What are the microbiological barriers of the skin gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract
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The normal flora associated with these systems
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How do normal microbiological flora assist in preventing infection
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They occupy niches that pathogens may otherwise exploit
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What is a characteristic of the clonal selection of B lymphocytes
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It is polyclonal
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What is the order of macromolecules in terms of them being good antigens
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Protein, carbohydrate, lipid
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What is the route of immunization
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Subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, IV oral
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What is the end result of the C pathway
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Destruction of pathogens
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What are the three pathways and complement activation
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The alternative, lectin, and classical pathway
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Does the alternative pathway require antibodies to activate
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Nope
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Why does the alternative pathway not require anybody's to act
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C3 spontaneously Cleaves in a process called tick over
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What happens to C3b if it does not land on a microbial cell surface
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It is rapidly degraded
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Describe the steps involved to get C3 to Bb/C3b
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C3 is cleaved to C3b, this binds factor B which activates Factor D. Factor B binds to C3b on microbial cell surfaces. Factor D cleaves Factor B/C3b to Bb/C3b
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What happens when the Bb/C3b is activated
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it recruits more C3b
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What does the C3b/Bb complex activate and what does that do
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C5 and it begins the terminal steps of the alternative C pathway
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What is C9 polymerized into
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A pore in the bacterial cell structure
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What's the entire point of the alternative see pathway
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To form a C9 membrane spanning channel which disrupts the cell integrity
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What is the membrane attack complex regulated by
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CD 59 it binds to C5b and prevent the recruitment of C9 to form the pore
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What stabilizes the Bb/C3b complex
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Factor P (properdin)
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What else is complement to the bacteria
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It makes the bacteria more tasty to phagocytes in a process called opsonization
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What does C3a and C5a do
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They are potent anaphylotoxins. They cause increased permeability in the blood vessels in order for plasma proteins and cells to be able to leak out
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What is the most numerous white blood cell
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Neutrophils
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What can a function to neutrophils have
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Phagocytic only
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What is left shift
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An increase in the number of immature neutrophils
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Where neutrophils stored
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Bone marrow
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How to neutrophils and lymphocytes enter tissue?
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Rolling, tight binding, diapedesis, migration
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What molecules are involved in the rolling action of neutrophils
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Selectins which are found on the endothelium, and addressins which are found on leukocytes
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What molecules are involved in tight binding of neutrophils
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ICAMS and integrins which are found on both leukocytes and endothelial cells
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What molecules are involved in migration and diapedesis
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Chemokines
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What are toll receptors
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Pattern recognition molecules that since different microbial products
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What is a respiratory burst
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Engulf bacteria that has been phagocytosed by neutrophil has lysosomes merge with the phagosome
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What happens to the neutrophil after respiratory burst
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It dies and is phagocytosed by a macrophage
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What are the five cytokines we have to know
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I L – 6, TNF – alpha, I L – 1 beta, CXCL 8, I L – 12
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What are the systemic effects of IL – six
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Fever, induces acute phase protein productions by hepatocytes
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Were the local effects of TNF – alpha
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Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability which leads to increased entry of complement and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
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What are the systemic effects of TNF – alpha
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Fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock
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What are the local effects of IL-1b
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Activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction increases access of effector cells
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What are the systemic effects of IL-1b
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Fever, production of IL-6
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What are the local effects of CXCL-8
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Chemotactic factor recruits neutrophils and basophils to site of infection
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What are the local effects of IL-12
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Activates natural killer cells
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What are the key functions of IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha in the liver
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Acute phase proteins which are C – reactive protein, mannose binding lectinwhich leads to the activation of complement opsonization
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What are the key functions of IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha and bone marrow endothelium
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Neutrophil mobilization which leads the phagocytosis
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What are the key functions of IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha in the hypothalamus
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Increase body temperature which leads to decreased viral and bacterial replication
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What are the key functions of IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha and fat and muscle
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Protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temperature which leads to decreased viral and bacterial replication
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What are the biologic actions of TNF and a local infection
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Macrophages release TNF, increased release of plasma proteins phagocytes lymphocytes into the tissue, phagocytosis of bacteria, local vessel occlusion, containment of infection. Antigens drain or are carried to local lymph nodes
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What are the biologic actions of TNF in a systemic infection
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Macrophages activated in the liver and spleen secrete TNF in the bloodstream, systemic edema which causes decreased blood volume. This causes collapse of blood vessels. Disseminated intravascular coagulation leads to wasting and multiple organ failure followed by septic shock and death
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What is a classic sign of acute infection
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Acute phase proteins which are part of the innate immune response
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What is important acute phase protein we need to remember
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C reactive protein or CRP , and MBL
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What is another important clinical marker of inflammation
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Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate also known as sed rate
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What else could C-reactive protein activate
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The classical C pathway
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What are the classical clinical signs that are the result of an immunological event
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Heat redness pain and swelling
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What you type I interferons do
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Inhibit viral replication and activate host defense responses, they activate degradation of viral RNA
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What are the three ways in which type I interferons inhibit viral replication and activate host defense responses
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Induce resistance to viral replication in all cells, increased expression of ligand for receptors on natural killer cells, activate natural killer cells to kill virus-infected cells
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Do natural killer cells undergo TCR or IG rearrangement
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Nope
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What is what is the difference between natural killer cells and T cells
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Natural killer cells are able to kill virus-infected cells without prior exposure
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Our natural killer cells able to kill tumor cells
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Yes
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What are the highly variable recognition molecules of adaptive immunity
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Immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
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What do be cells and antibodies recognize
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Native protein antigens
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What do helper T cells enabled B cells to do
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produce antibodies
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What do cytokine receptors do
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Bind cytokines, deliver activation, growth, and differentiation signals; some are inhibitory
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What a chemo kind receptors do
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Bind chemokines, trigger movement toward the site, or keep the cell at the site
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Would to complement receptors do
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Activate phagocytosis or clear immune complexes
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What you pattern recognition molecules do
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