Immunohematology 2

Front 1

Who discovered ABO blood group?

Back 1

Karl Landsteiner

Front 2

How did Landsteiner figure out the ABO Blood group system?

Back 2

He tested his blood and that of 5 associates, and described A, B, and O. AB was discovered a year later.

Front 3

What is the Landsteiner's rule?

Back 3

The plasma of an individual contains naturally occurring antibodies to A and B antigens, if these antigens are absent from the individual's red cells.

Front 4

Type A Antigen on cell

Back 4

Anti-B in plasma

Front 5

Type B Antigen on cell

Back 5

Anti-A in plasma

Front 6

Type AB Antigen on the cell surface

Back 6

No Antibodies in plasma

Front 7

Type O (or no Antigen) on the the cell

Back 7

Anti-A and Anti-B in plasma

Front 8

Basic ABO inheritance

Back 8

1. Inherit one gene from each parent (A, B, or O)
2. Codominant inheritance in which you have the gene it is expressed except for O which is silent.

Front 9

Blood type A

Back 9

AA or AO

Front 10

Blood type B

Back 10

BB or BO

Front 11

Blood type AB

Back 11

AB

Front 12

Blood type O

Back 12

OO

Front 13

Genes that affect A and B antigen expression

Back 13

ABO, H and Se

Front 14

On DNA there is a gene that codes for a transferase which attach ______?

Back 14

Immunodominant sugar which is the Antigen on the RBC

Front 15

Gene H

Back 15

Alpha-2-L-fucosyltransferase

Front 16

Gene A^1

Back 16

alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

Front 17

Gene A^2

Back 17

alpha-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

Front 18

Gene B

Back 18

alpha-3-D-galactosyltransferase

Front 19

Gene O

Back 19

None

Front 20

Gene Se

Back 20

alpha-2-L-gucosyltransferase

Front 21

H antigen

Back 21

GDP-Fuc

Front 22

GDP-Fuc

Back 22

L-fucose

Front 23

A antigen

Back 23

UDP-GalNAc

Front 24

UDP-GalNAc

Back 24

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine

Front 25

B antigen

Back 25

UDP-Gal

Front 26

UDP-Gal

Back 26

D-galactose

Front 27

Fuc

Back 27

Fucose

Front 28

Type 1 chain

Back 28

Se gene

Front 29

Type 1 chain

Back 29

1-3 linkage

Front 30

1H antigen

Back 30

Type 1 chain

Front 31

Type 1 chain

Back 31

see notes

Front 32

Type 2 chain

Back 32

attach to the RBC surface

Front 33

Type 2 chain

Back 33

1-4 linkage

Front 34

H antigen

Back 34

Type 2 chain

Front 35

What does the H antigen do

Back 35

Attach the Fuc to either type 1 or 2 chains which then allow sugars to be attached to the chain.

Front 36

Type 2 chain

Back 36

see notes

Front 37

What does the A antigen look like?

Back 37

see notes

Front 38

What does the B antigen look like?

Back 38

see notes

Front 39

What does the O antigen look like?

Back 39

see notes

Front 40

Expression of type 1 ABH antigens?

Back 40

ABH substance in secretions

Front 41

Expression of ABH type 2 antigens?

Back 41

Most ABH antigens on RBCs

Front 42

Expression of ABH type 3 antigens?

Back 42

"Repetitive A" antigen in A1 glycoprotein in secretions and glycolipid on RBCs

Front 43

Expression of ABH type 4 antigens?

Back 43

Glycolipids on RBCs, carry Pk, P

Front 44

ABH antigens on RBCs

Back 44

1. carried on protein and lipid structures
2. most are glycoproteins (attach to something)
3. 5-10% associated with glycolipids

Front 45

Expression of ABH Antigens by type 1

Back 45

ABH substance in secretions

Front 46

Expression of ABH Antigens by type 2

Back 46

Most ABH antigens on RBCs

Front 47

Expression of ABH Antigens by type 3

Back 47

"repetitive A" antigen in A1
glycoprotein in secretions
glycolipid on RBCs

Front 48

Expression of ABH Antigens by type 4

Back 48

Clycolipids on RBCs
carry Pk, P

Front 49

ABH Antigens on RBCs

Back 49

carried on protein and lipid structures
most are glycoproteins
5-10% associated with glycolipids

Front 50

Glycolipid (lipid linked)

Back 50

Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Ceramid
Fuc

Front 51

Glycoprotein (protein linked)

Back 51

Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Asparag
Fuc

Front 52

Branching chains of Glycolipid

Back 52

when you are born they are a single chain, however as you get older they become branched.

Front 53

The branching of the sugar chain is what

Back 53

The gal-GlcNAc or H antigen is what branches

Front 54

Common ABO Alleles are on

Back 54

9q34
exons 6-7

Front 55

Group O

Back 55

nucleotide deletion or nor protein or transferase

Front 56

A2 nucleotide deletion

Back 56

Reduced function
larger protein with reduced activity (which means it does not do a very good job at attaching gal

Front 57

ABO histo-blood group antigens are found

Back 57

Tissues (all organs of the body)
platelets
environment (like bacteria and animals)

Front 58

H antigen expression from most H to least H

Back 58

O, A2, B, A2B, A1, A1B, H deficient

Front 59

AB Heterozygotes

Back 59

A and B antigens compete for H
An A1B individual may serologically type as A2B

Front 60

A1 phenotypes

Back 60

Anti-A: 4
Anti- B:0
A1cells: 0
A2 cells:0
B cells:4

Front 61

A2 phenotypes

Back 61

Anti-A:4
Anti-B:0
A cells:3
B cells:0
A2 cells:4

Front 62

People who are A2 will make Ab to

Back 62

A1

Front 63

ABH antigens at birth

Back 63

Weaker than adult
Decreased number of antien sites
Branching enzymes not active
Straight chains

Front 64

Development of ABO Antibodies

Back 64

-Antibody production begins after birth
-"Naturally occurring"
Immune response to antigens in environment
-Antibodies detected in infants 4-6 months old
-antibody levels vary between adults

Front 65

Anti-A and Anti-B titers

Back 65

Are naturally occuring
Titers are higher in O person then in A or B people

Front 66

Anti-A and Anti-B immune

Back 66

Group A and Bs have some IgG, most IGM
Group Os have IgG and IgM
Some IgA

Front 67

Serologic characteristics of Anti-A and Anti-B

Back 67

optimum temp of reactivity
IgM-4C
IgG-4C and 37C
can cause in vitro hemolysis

Front 68

Clinical significance of Anti-A and Anti-B

Back 68

bind complement
cause HTR
Cause mild HDFN (group O moms with A or B Babies)

Front 69

Anti-A,B

Back 69

-found in group O individuals
-IgM, IgG
-adsorbed by either A or B RBCs
-directed against epitopes common to A and B

Front 70

Anti-A,B reagent

Back 70

-More sensitive
-polycolonal or monoclonal
-FDA requirement cause it reacts with Ax RBCs
-will be neg for O patients

Front 71

Anti-A1

Back 71

-Found in 1-8% of A2 individuals
-Bound in 22-35% of A2B individuals
-optimum temp of reactivity is 4C very rarely 37 C
-does not react in the PEG reaction
-made by people who are A2

Front 72

Lectin

Back 72

proteins that bind to carbohydrates, present in plants (usually seeds)

Front 73

Anti-A1 specificity

Back 73

Dolichos biflorus (diluted)

Front 74

Anti-H specificity

Back 74

Ulex europaeus

Front 75

Anti-H

Back 75

-alloantibody
-rare
-usually seen as cold reactive A, B, or AB individuals
-optimum temperature of reactivity is 4C
-made by people who lack H so you are hh

Front 76

H deficient indian (bombay) phenotype

Back 76

-described in 1953 by Bhende
-individual from Bombay, India
-No ABH detected on RBCs (Oh)
-anti-H, A and B in plasma
-no H (FUT 1) gene or Se (FUT 2)
-A or B genes can be present

Front 77

H deficient (para-bombay) phenotypes

Back 77

-Weak ABH detected on RBCs
-No detectable H on RBCs
-No H (FUT 1)
-Se (FUT 2) gene present
-A or B genes can be present

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