Immunohematology 1

Front 1

What is a Chromosome?

Back 1

thread of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell

Front 2

Number of chromosome a human has?

Back 2

46
22 pairs of autosomal
1 pair of sex either XY or XX

Front 3

The human genome is?

Back 3

Diploid (two sets of chromosomes) which is about 6 billion bases. That makes about 50,000 to 100,000 genes

Front 4

What is a nucleoside?

Back 4

bases and sugars

Front 5

What is a nucleotide?

Back 5

bases, sugars, and the phosphate backbone

Front 6

How do we get a protein from DNA?

Back 6

DNA--(transcription)--RNA--(translation)--Protein

Front 7

What kind of genes encode proteins?

Back 7

Stuctural genes (in the human genome they are much larger than necessary to encode their protein products)

Front 8

There are three parts to a structural gene. What are they?

Back 8

Exon (which is the coding segments), Introns (which is the non-coding segments) and they both are flanked by nontranscribed segments that contribute to gene regulation.

Front 9

What is a mis-sense mutation?

Back 9

it is a one base change that gives us a new three codon sequence that may give a different protein in the sequence that what was there.

Front 10

What is a non-sense mutation?

Back 10

the change in base pairs gives us a stop codon or a null gene where it does not belong.

Front 11

What is a frame shift?

Back 11

It is a shift left or right by the addition of deletion of a base that then changes everything down stream from it.

Front 12

What is a locus?

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A position of a chromosome where the genes for a given trait are located.

Front 13

What is an alleles?

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Are alternate forms of a gene which occupy a single locus.

Front 14

What is Homozygous?

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Is having identical alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes.

Front 15

What is Heterozygous?

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Is having non identical alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes

Front 16

What is the phenotype?

Back 16

That is the traits that are expressed (ABO blood group)

Front 17

What is the genotype?

Back 17

That is the combination of alleles which produced the trait. (the genes) They can be written is italics, all caps or with * next to it.

Front 18

What is a blood group antigen?

Back 18

It is a chemical determinant (epitope) on the surface of a red blood cell.
Results from an inherited gene.

Front 19

Gene -> Protein -> ____1____
I
--->______2_____

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1. Antigen themself
2. transferase which is an enzyme that attaches the sugars which are the antigen

Front 20

The blood group system antigens are produced by?

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Alleles at a single locus

Front 21

What is a dominant trait?

Back 21

It is produced by an allele that exhibits the same effect whether inherited in a single or double dose.

Front 22

What is a recessive trait?

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It is produced by an allele that is expressed only when it is inherited in a double dose.

Front 23

What is a codominant trait?

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Has equal expression of two different in inherited alleles. This is the blood group.

Front 24

What is dosage?

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It is the amount of antigen expressed by red cells homozygous (double dose) at a gene locus vs. those heterozygous (single dose) at the locus.

Front 25

What is a silent gene?

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Is a gene that produces no detectable product.

Front 26

In family studies autosomal dominant inheritance pattern is?

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1. Trait appears in every generation
2. Trait occurs with equal frequency in males and females.
3. Trait is transmitted by an affected person to half of his or her children.
4. Unaffected family members do not transmit the trait to their children.

Front 27

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Back 27

See notes

Front 28

In family studies autosomal recessive inheritance pattern is?

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1. Trait characteristically appear only in siblings, not in the parents.
2. One fourth of siblings are affected.
3. Parents of the affected child may be consanguineous.
4. Males and females are equally affected.

Front 29

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Back 29

see notes

Front 30

In family studies X-linked dominant inheritance pattern is?

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1. Affected males transmit the trait to all their daughters and none of their sons.
2. Affected heterozygous females transmit the trait to half of their children of either sex.
3. Affected homozygous females transmit the trait to all their children.

Front 31

X-linked dominant inheritance

Back 31

See notes

Front 32

What is phenotype frequency?

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It involves testing individuals for all antigens in a system. Should equal 100%

Front 33

What is the immune system?

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It is the organ system responsible for protection against infections diseases.

Front 34

What is an antigen?

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That part of a foreign substance (pathogen or cell) that is capable of reacting with the products of an adaptive immune response.

Front 35

What is an epitope?

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That portion of an antigen that is recognized by the products of the adaptive immune response.

Front 36

What are the primary lymphoid organs for lymphocyte maturation?

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Bone Marrow and Thymus

Front 37

Which lymphocyte matures in the bone marrow?

Back 37

B cells

Front 38

Which lyphocyte matures in the thymus?

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T cells

Front 39

Which immunoglobulin responds first?

Back 39

IgM

Front 40

Which immunoglobulin comes after IgM?

Back 40

IgG

Front 41

In a secondary immunoglobulin response which one respones first?

Back 41

IgG with a little IgM

Front 42

Which Immunoglobulin is the ABO system?

Back 42

IgM

Front 43

What are the five immumoglobulins?

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IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD, and IgM

Front 44

IgG

Back 44

Gamma heavy chain, half life is 21 days and it can activate the complement system

Front 45

IgM

Back 45

Mu heavy chain, half life is 10 days and it really activates the complement system.

Front 46

IgD

Back 46

Delta heavy chain half life is 3 days

Front 47

IgA

Back 47

alpha heavy chain, half life is 6 days

Front 48

IgE

Back 48

epsilon heavy chain, half life is 2 days

Front 49

What is the FAB region?

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The part of the ab that binds the Epitope region

Front 50

What is the FC region?

Back 50

That is the constant region that does not change.

Front 51

If you activate the complement system what does it do?

Back 51

You get better destruction of the red blood cells.

Front 52

Which Immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?

Back 52

IgG

Front 53

The antigenic determinants on red blood cells can be?

Back 53

amino acid determinants or carbohydrate determinants

Front 54

What is the amino acid determinant?

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Are the antigens that are defined by amino acid sequences. EX: Rh, Kidd, Duffy, Lutheran. These are cause hemolytic diseases.

Front 55

What is the carbohydrate determinant?

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Complex carbohydrates. EX: ABH, Lewis, P, and I blood group systems. There are from the foods we eat. The intermediate is an enzyme.

Front 56

What are the two hemolytic mechanisms?

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extravascular and intravascular hemolysis

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Extravascular hemolysis

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It is destroyed outside the vein by a macrophage in the spleen which has eaten the ag.

Front 58

Intravascular hemolysis

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it is destroyed within the vein by IgG binds to it and activation the complement system.

Front 59

complement system

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intravascular hemolysis

Front 60

What is meant by naturally occuring?

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IgM cause there is no prior exposure or "non-RBC stimulated". Exposed to ag in the environment.

Front 61

What is meant by Immune occurring?

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IgG cause you are exposed to foregin RBCs by transfusion or pregnancy.

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What is Alloantibody?

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Antigen negative-produce antibody to this antigen "ab to what we don't have"

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What is Autoantibody?

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antigen positive-produce antibody to self antigen "ab to us"

Front 64

What is complement?

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Plasma mediator system
>25 serum proteins
activated by at least 3 "pathways"

Front 65

When complement is activated...

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1. cell lysis: intravascular hemolysis
2. cell clearance via RES: extravascular hemolysis.
3. no apparent effect on RBC (but there is evidence of C activation)
4. Generation of inflammatory mediators-systemic events associated with TRx

Front 66

Activation of classical pathway

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IgG and IgM
IgG3>1>2>4
concentration of antigen on RBC surface

Front 67

The classical pathway is activated by?

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-antigen antibody complexes, IgG, IgM
-requires interaction of C1, C4, and C2

Front 68

The results of the activation of the classical pathway?

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-Results in C3 cleavage, -generation of membrane attack complex

Front 69

What happens when complement activation stops at C3b?

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-Clearance by RES, extravascular hemolysis (preferred method)
-Spherocytes appear in circulation on blood smear
-RBCs coated with C3d in the circulation appear

Front 70

Why would complement activation stop at C3?

Back 70

Cleave C3b thereby preventing formation of a C5 cleaving enzyme.

Front 71

What if you see complement on the cells?

Back 71

you are dealing with IgM on cells or involved.

Front 72

Reagents used in the lab

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Anti-IgG
Anti-C3d or C3b,d

Front 73

The most alloantibodies able to bind complement?

Back 73

ABO, Le(a), Jk(a,b), P, Pk, Vel, Ge

Front 74

The some alloantiibodies able to bind complement?

Back 74

S, Xg(a), LKE, Lan

Front 75

The rare alloantibodies able to bind complement?

Back 75

S, Fy(a,b)

Front 76

What does the complement cascade look like?

Back 76

see notes

Front 77

The fate of a C2b coated cell?

Back 77

see notes

Front 78

Complement activation

Back 78

see notes