Immunology Test 1

Front 1

Who and what year:
recognized that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick without becoming sick again.

Back 1

430 BC- Thucydides

Front 2

variolation

Back 2

Fifteenth century- Chinese and Turks used dried crusts from smallpox pustules (inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin “variolation”) to induce immunity.

Front 3

Who and what year:
realized milkmaids who had contracted cowpox (mild disease symptoms compared to smallpox) were not susceptible to smallpox.

Back 3

1796 - Jenner

Dude got lucky

Front 4

M. tuberculosis?

Back 4

bacteria

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 5

C. albicans?

Back 5

candida albicans

fungus that causes thrush, systemic candiasis

Front 6

T. Brucei

Back 6

Parasitic protozoa that causes sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma Brucei

Front 7

-gram positive bacterium that colonizes human skin, pimples & boils (other strains = food poisoning)

Back 7

Staphylococcus aureus

Front 8

The four kinds of pathogens that cause disease?

Back 8

Bacteria, fungus, virus, protozoa

Front 9

The GI tract is exterior or interior?

Back 9

exterior

Front 10

pH of vagina and skin?

Back 10

acidic

Front 11

Defensins general mechanism?

Associated with what epithelial cells?

Back 11

"Poke holes in the pathogen"

All epithelial cells

Front 12

Lymphocytes?

Back 12

B, T, and NK cells

Front 13

Granulocytes? In order from darkest staining to lightest

Back 13

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Front 14

Dendritic cell function?

Back 14

Main function is the presentation of antigen to T cells

Front 15

Hematopoiesis

Back 15

The generation of the cellular elements of blood, including:
Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes
Megakaryocyte - Platelets

Front 16

These cells originate from __________ stem cells (HSC) whose progeny differentiate and divide under the influence of various hematopoietic _________

Back 16

-pluripotent hematopoietic

-growth factors

Front 17

Most abundant leukocytes are the _________
Followed by _________

Back 17

-neutrophils

-lymphocytes

Front 18

General term for WBC?

Back 18

leukocyte

ALL LYMPHOCYTES ARE LEUKOCYTES

Front 19

NK cells?

Back 19

Large granular lymphocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity

Front 20

small lymphocytes are resting cells that have not interacted with antigen

Back 20

Naïve lymphocytes

Front 21

lymphocytes that have interacted with antigen and proliferate

Back 21

Lymphoblasts

Front 22

Lymphoblasts eventually differentiate into ________ or ________

Back 22

effector cells or into memory cells

Front 23

NK cells (large granular lymphocytes) are found throughout the tissues of the body but mainly in the

Back 23

circulation

remain in blood until infection

Front 24

NK cells are particularly important for?

secrete?

Back 24

important for protection against viruses and some tumors
Secrete cytokines which prevent viral replication and helps to activate T cell-mediated immunity

Front 25

main cause of pus?

Back 25

neutrophils

Front 26

Neutrophils granules?

Back 26

Are phagocytic cells that contain toxic substances in intracellular granules (primary and secondary granules)
Employ oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways to destroy pathogens

Front 27

_______ circulate in the blood for about _______, then mature and migrate into tissues, they are then referred to as _______.

Back 27

-Monocytes

-8 hours

-macrophages

Front 28

Function of dendritic cell folds

Back 28

folds allow maximum interaction with other cells of the immune system

Front 29

What molecules do dendritic cells use to present?

Back 29

MHC-1

AND

MHC-2

Front 30

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) ?

Related to dendritic cells?

Back 30

hold intact antigens in specialized areas of lymphoid tissues

not related

Front 31

Mast cells are found ?

Back 31

in the skin, connective tissue and mucosal epithelial tissue of the respiratory and digestive tracts

Front 32

Basophil = ?
Eosinophil = ?

Back 32

Basophil = allergic reactions
Eosinophil = parasitic worms

Front 33

The nucleus of the megakaryocyte is very large and lobulated, which, under a light microscope?

Back 33

can give the false impression that there are several nuclei

Front 34

Megakaryocyte function is determined by a large number of cytokines, including _____

Back 34

thrombopoietin

Front 35

Thrombopoietin

Back 35

glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow

Front 36

Do erythrocytes have a role in immunology?

Back 36

erythrocytes have an important immunological role in clearing immune complexes from the circulation in persistent infections and in some autoimmune diseases

Front 37

Site if hematopoesis at the following:
embryo?
3-7 months fetus?
After 7 months?

Back 37

yolk sac ->spleen & liver -> bone marrow

Front 38

pH of the phagolysosome?

Back 38

acidic

Front 39

Binding to macrophage C3B = ?

Binding to macrophage TLR = ?

Back 39

C3B = phagocytosis
TLR engagement = cytokine secretion

Front 40

Primary lymphoid organs?

Back 40

Thymus and bone marrow are primary organs

Where maturation of lymphocytes takes place

Front 41

Secondary lymphoid organs?

Back 41

Lymph nodes, spleen and mucosal-associated tissues are secondary organs

Which trap antigen and promote lymphocyte activation

Front 42

Lymphocytes recirculate at a rate of ?

Back 42

Lymphocytes recirculate at a rate of 5 X 10^6 cells/min

Front 43

Lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in __________; then they ________

Back 43

Lymphocytes arrive at lymph nodes in arterial blood; extravasate from capillaries

Front 44

Expansion of the lymph nodes occurs in ________

Back 44

lymphoid follicles

Front 45

cells in the spleen that take-up antigen and stimulate T an B-cells

Back 45

Spleenic macrophages and dendritic cells

Front 46

White pulp of spleen consists of sheath of lymphocytes called the ?

Back 46

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

Front 47

The gut associated lymphoid tissues, GALT include

Back 47

tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer’s patches that line the gut

Front 48

BALT?

Back 48

Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues

Front 49

Most secondary lymphoid tissue is associated with?

Back 49

the gut

Front 50

Pathogens arrive through direct delivery across mucosa mediated by specialized cells called

Back 50

M cells

Front 51

frequency of inherible innate immune disease?

Back 51

rare

Front 52

What infects the interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph?

Defense mechanism?

Back 52

-Everything

-complement, macrophages, neutrophils

Front 53

What infects epithelial surfaces?

Defense?

Back 53

-neisseria gonorrhoeae and candida albicans

-Antimicrobial peptides

Front 54

What infects the cytoplasm?

Defense mechanism?

Back 54

-viruses, listeria, and protozoa

-NK cells

Front 55

What infects the vesicles?

Defense mechanism?

Back 55

-mycobacteria, trypanosomes

-Activated macrophages

Front 56

Intracellular pathogens in nucleus or cytosol attacked by ?

Back 56

killing the infected host cell

Front 57

____ is by far the most important molecule in the complement cascade

Back 57

C3

Front 58

The quickest of the 3 complement pathways is the

Back 58

alternative pathway

Front 59

The Classical pathway is part of both the innate and adaptive immune response and can be activated by _______ or _______

Back 59

C-reactive protein (innate) or antibody (adaptive) binding to the pathogen.

Always assume antibodies

Front 60

______ is the product of C3 hydrolysis

Back 60

iC3

Front 61

alternative pathway soluble C3 convertase?

Bound C3 convertase?

Back 61

iC3Bb

C3bBb

Front 62

Pathogen bound C3b fragments (Bb is absent) can perform what function?

Back 62

They can bind to Complement Receptor 1, CR1, on macrophages to optimize phagocytosis

Front 63

What is the alternative C5 convertase?

Back 63

Binding of C3b to existing C3bBb complexes at pathogens surface forms the alternative C5 convertase = (C3b)2+Bb

Front 64

Classical C5 Convertase?

Back 64

C4b2a3b

Front 65

C5 convertase function?

Back 65

Cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b

Front 66

C5b function?

Back 66

C6 and C7 bind and exposes the hydrophobic sites of C7 allowing it to insert into the lipid bilayer.

Front 67

What happens when C8 binds C5b?

Back 67

hydrophobic sites on C8 are exposed and it is inserted into the membrane with C6+C5b+C7

Front 68

C8 function?

Back 68

C8's exposed hydrophobic site once in the membrane initiates the polymerization of C9 forming the pores

Front 69

C5a function? notable feature?

Back 69

recruits neutrophils to infection site

Most potent anaphylatoxin

Front 70

Factor P function? aka?

Back 70

Up-regulates C3bBb and prevents inhibition by factor H.

aka properdin

Front 71

Factor H function

Back 71

Factor H plasma protein reduces complement reactions by making C3b susceptible to cleavage by factor I creating a iC3b fragment that is incapable of forming a C3 convertase

Front 72

Factor I function

Back 72

cleaves C3b into iC3b

Front 73

DAF function? Aka?

Back 73

leans over and binds to C3bBb and displaces Bb fragment

aka decay-accelerating factor

Front 74

MCP function? aka?

Back 74

leans over and binds to C3bBb and allows factor I to inactivate it

membrane co-factor protein

Front 75

CR2

Back 75

B-cell co-receptor and recognizes C3d

Front 76

CR3 & CR4

Back 76

recognize iC3b

iC3b can be recognized by phagocytic cells

Front 77

C3a and C5a contribute to _________
Also referred to as ________
____ is more stable and potent than____

Back 77

C3a and C5a contribute to acute inflammation
Also referred to as anaphylatoxins
C5a is more stable and potent than C3a

Front 78

alpha-2-macroglobulins

Back 78

inhibit potentially damaging proteases

Front 79

alpha-2-macroglobulins mechanism

Back 79

first trap the protease with a “bait” region -> protease cleaves the bait -> alpha-2-macroglobulin binds covalently through activation of thioester group -> surrounds the protease (still active) but cannot access other protein substrates

Front 80

_______ and alpha-2-macroglobulin inhibit potentially damaging proteases

Back 80

Serpins

Front 81

Amphipathic

Back 81

both hydrophobic and hydorphilic

Front 82

alpha-defensins produced by?

Back 82

Produced mainly by neutrophils and Paneth cells

Front 83

Paneth cells ?

Back 83

specialized epithelial cells of the small intestine

Front 84

beta-defensins

Back 84

Expressed mainly by epithelial cells of the respiratory tract the urogenital tract and the skin.

Front 85

Macrophage receptor for C3b?

receptor for iC3b?

Back 85

-CR1

-CR3, CR4

Front 86

CR3 and CR4 recognize iC3b and other ligands such as:

Back 86

LPS, lipopolysaccharide (Gram negative bacteria)
Lipophosphoglycan
Filamentous hemagglutinin
Cell-surface structures on yeast

Front 87

Carbohydrate-binding proteins = ?

examples?

Back 87

-lectins

-mannose and glucan

Front 88

Scavenger receptors = ?

Back 88

Scavenger receptors = preference for molecules that are negatively charged.

Front 89

Examples of things scavenger receptors bind?

Back 89

Nucleic acids and phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids (Gram positive bacteria)

Front 90

TLR-3
Ligands?
Microorganisms recognized?
Cells carrying receptor?
Cellular Location?

Back 90

Ligands = double stranded RNA
Microorganisms recognized = viruses
Cells carrying receptor = NK cells
Cellular Location = Endosomes

Front 91

TLR-4
Ligands?
Microorganisms recognized?
Cells carrying receptor?
Cellular Location?

Back 91

Ligands = LPS
Microorganisms recognized = Gram negative
Cells carrying receptor = macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils
Cellular Location = plasma membrane

Front 92

TLR-5
Ligands?
Microorganisms recognized?
Cells carrying receptor?
Cellular Location?

Back 92

Ligands = Flagellin
Microorganisms recognized = bacteria with flagella
Cells carrying receptor = intestinal epithelium
Cellular Location = cell membrane

Front 93

TLR-7:
Ligands?
Microorganisms recognized?
Cells carrying receptor?
Cellular Location?

Back 93

Ligands = single stranded viral RNA
Microorganisms recognized = viruses
Cells carrying receptor = NK cells, eosinophils, B-cells
Cellular Location =

Front 94

Translocation of NFkB to macrophage nucleus initiates

Back 94

transcription of proinflammatory cytokines -> IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-12 and TNF-alpha

Front 95

IL-1 local effects? systemic effects?

Back 95

activates endothelium and lymphocytes

fever/production of IL6

Front 96

IL-6?

Back 96

systemic effects of fever and acute phase protein production by hepatocytes

Front 97

CXCL-8 aka? Local effects?

Back 97

aka IL8

chemokine - recruits neutrophils and basophils

Front 98

IL-12

Back 98

activates NK cells

Front 99

TNF-alpha local? system?

Back 99

local = activates endothelium and increases permeability leading to increased entry and drainage

systemic = shock

Front 100

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Back 100

granulocytes = BEN

Front 101

Are neutrophils in healthy tissue?

Back 101

nope

Front 102

The four structural classes of adhesion molecule present on white blood cells and the cells with which they interact are:

Back 102

Selectins
Vascular addressins
Integrins
Immunoglobulin superfamily

Front 103

Selectins ?

Back 103

are carbohydrate-binding lectins

Front 104

Vascular addressins

Back 104

contain carbohydrate groups to which selectins bind

Front 105

Integrins

Back 105

typically bind to Ig superfamily proteins

Front 106

Macrophage secretes TNF-alpha, CXCL8, IL6 -> causes

Back 106

neutrophil release

Front 107

In healthy tissue endothelial cells contain granules known as ________ which contain _________

Back 107

-weibel-palade bodies

-p-selectin

Front 108

Upon exposure to the inflammatory mediators ____, _____, and _____ the p-selectin in the weibel-palade bodies is transported to the cell surface

Back 108

-Leukotriene LTB4
-C5a
-histamine

Front 109

______ is also expressed on endothelial surfaces after exposure to TNFalpha or LPS

Back 109

E-selectin

Front 110

Diapedisis?

Back 110

squeezing through endothelial cells

Front 111

extravasation?

Back 111

the process by which neutrophils migrate out of blood capalaries and into tissues

Front 112

Neutrophil receptors for phagocytosis?

Back 112

Fc
scavenger
CR3
N-formyl-met (not human)
mannose
CD14 (LPS receptor)
CR4
glycan

Front 113

Fc receptor?

Back 113

binds to Fc region on antibodies

Front 114

respiratory burst?

Back 114

Respiratory burst = Transient increase in oxygen consumption = purpose is to raise the pH of the phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen

Front 115

C-reactive protein Binds to ________ component of LPS of bacterial and fungal cell walls but not in human cells

Back 115

phosphorylcholine

Front 116

C-reactive protein can bind _____ to initiate classical pathway of complement fixation in absence of antibodies

Back 116

C1q

Front 117

mannose binding lectin binds

Back 117

Binds mannose-containing carbohydrates of bacteria and yeast

Front 118

Mannose containing carbohydrates on human cells do not bind MBL because ?

Back 118

their geometry does not permit multipoint attachment to MBL

Front 119

Do monocytes express macrophage mannose receptor?

Back 119

no

Front 120

Monocytes do not express the macrophage mannose receptor but have receptors that can bind to ________ coating a bacterial surface

Back 120

MBL molecules

Front 121

Type I interferon function?

Back 121

Interfere with viral replication by infected cells

Alert immune system cells that infection is present

Make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to killer lymphocyte attack

Front 122

Interferon type 1 mechanism

Back 122

viral material enters cell -> transctiption factor IRF3 + NFkb + AP-1 turn on IFN-beta gene -> IFN-b is secreted -> IFN-b binds in autocrine to cell -> IFN-b causes IRF7 to cause expression of IFN-alpha

Front 123

Does IFN-alpha expression depend on NFkB?

Back 123

no

Front 124

Type _______ interferon induce proliferation of NK. In addition, NK cells are also activated by ____ and _____

Back 124

-type 1

-IL-12 (macrophages) and TNF-a (macrophages)

Front 125

Stimulation of NK cells with IFN-a and IFN-b favors?

Stimulation of NK cells IL-12, IF-gamma release favors ?

Back 125

-favors the development of cytotoxic effector function

-the production of cytokines

Front 126

NK cells provide an early response to virus infection and ___________ take over to finish the job

Back 126

effector T cells

Front 127

Effector T cells enter the site of infection -> become major source of _____ and cell-mediated cytotoxicity -> secrete inhibitory cytokine _____.

Back 127

-IFN-gamma

-IL-10

Front 128

Function of IL-10?

Back 128

turns off NK cells

Front 129

NK cells are analagous to what adaptive immune cell?

Back 129

CD8 T-cells

Front 130

two terms for the part of the antigen bound by Ig or TCR

Back 130

Epitope or antigenic determinant

Front 131

(MHC) is a cluster of genes on the short arm of human chromosome __

Back 131

chromosome 6

Front 132

The genes for immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor B-chain have arrays of _______ segments

Back 132

V, D, and J segments

Front 133

Genes for the immunoglobulin light chain and the T-cell receptor alpha chain have ______ segments

Back 133

D and J

Front 134

Cytotoxic t-cells are know as ______ and are presented antigens by ______.

Back 134

-CD8 t-cells

-MHC class 1

Front 135

What is CD8?

Back 135

The coreceptor that ensures cytotoxic t-cells only bind MHC1.

Front 136

How many subunits of MHC1 are membrane bound?

MHC 2?

Back 136

MHC1 = 1 anchor

MHC2 = 2 anchors

Front 137

Helper T-cells are called _____ and have antigens presented to them via _________

Back 137

-CD4 T-cells

-MHC-2

Front 138

Coreceptor for MHC2 molecules?

Back 138

CD4

Front 139

MHC class 2 molecules are found on

Back 139

macrophages, dendridic cells, and b-cells

Front 140

MHC class I presents antigens derived from the _______

Back 140

cytosol

Front 141

The TCR recognizes both the _______ and ________

Back 141

antigen and MHC molecule

Front 142

Why type of pathogens do CD8 T-cells mainly kill?

Back 142

viruses

Front 143

TH1 cells mainly activate ?

TH2 cells ?

Back 143

TH1 cells mainly activate macrophages

TH2 cells chiefly help B cells

Front 144

antibody isotypes are named according to their?

Back 144

heavy chain

Front 145

IgE?

Back 145

binds to mast cells -> allergic reactions

Front 146

First antibody produced in primary adaptive immune response?

Back 146

IgM

Front 147

IgM structural component?

Back 147

pentameric -> 10 bind sites

Front 148

Highest quantity antibody in the body?

Back 148

IgA

the body includes mucosal surfaces

Front 149

Highest quantity in the blood?

Back 149

IgG

Front 150

________ are the antibody isotypes found mainly in the blood, lymph and extracellular spaces

Back 150

IgM, IgG and IgA

Front 151

_____ region of IgE binds to mast cells.

Back 151

constant region

Front 152

Tissue rejection caused by

Back 152

extensive polymorphism of MHC class I and II genes

Front 153

Memory b-cells are activated and what antibodies are used?

Back 153

IgG

Front 154

Positive selection?

Back 154

T-cells that bind too poorly to MHC are eliminated. Those that bind tight move on to the next step

Front 155

Negative Selection?

Back 155

T-cells that survive positive selection are tested again. If they bind TOO strongly to MHC they will be eliminated

Front 156

1st immune system components to be activated = ?

Back 156

complement

Front 157

1st Step in the alternative pathway involves

Back 157

spontaneous hydrolysis and activation of complement component C3

Front 158

_____ is the product of C3 hydrolysis

Back 158

iC3

Front 159

iC3 binds to _____ in the blood or ECF making it susceptible to cleavage by ______

Back 159

factor B

factor D

Front 160

What activates C5 in the alternative pathway? What is it called?

Back 160

Alternative C5 convertase = C3b2Bb

Front 161

What activates C5 in the classical pathway? What is it called?

Back 161

Classical C5 convertase = C4b2a3b

Front 162

Difference between DAF and MAP mechanism

Back 162

DAF -> DAF binds and Bb is released

MAP -> MAP binds, Bb is released, and then Factor I cleaves C3b to iC3b

Front 163

What do C3a and C5a do?

Back 163

bind mast cells, phagocytes and endothelial cells -> release of histamine -> Histamine increases blood vessel permeability and blood flow
Activate endothelial cells -> direct phagocytes to site of infection

Front 164

C5a Increases the adherence of monocytes and neutrophils to blood vessel walls and acts as a powerful __________ factor

Back 164

chemotactic

Front 165

what is alpha-2-macroglobulin?

Back 165

a protease inhibitor

Front 166

Rolling Adhesion:

What binds to selectin?

Back 166

sialyl-Lewis X

Front 167

Rolling Adhesion:

Where is LFA-1? What does it bind to

Back 167

LFA-1 is on the neutrophil and binds to ICAM-1

Front 168

Rolling Adhesion:

Where is ICAM-1? What does it bind to?

Back 168

ICAM-1 is on the epithelial cells and binds to LFA-1

Front 169

Rolling Adhesion:

What is CXCL8 and where does it bind?

Back 169

A chemokine that will bind to CXCL8 receptor and help the macrophage enter thru the basement membrane

Front 170

Rolling Adhesion:

What is CD31?

Back 170

Protein between epithlial cells that macrophage slips through

Front 171

azurophilic granules?

Back 171

proteins and peptides that can distrupt and digest microbes

Front 172

specific granules?

Back 172

competes with the microbe from metals (iron and copper)

Front 173

______ cleaves C4 and C2

Back 173

MASP-2

Front 174

C3 convertases:
Alternative?
Classical?

Back 174

C3 convertases:
Alternative – C3bBb
Classical – C4bC2a (C4b2a)

Front 175

C5 Convertases:
Alternative?
Classical?

Back 175

C5 Convertases:
Alternative = C3b2Bb
Classical = C4b2a3b

Front 176

Alternative C5 Convertase

Back 176

Alternative = C3b2Bb

Front 177

Classical C5 Convertase

Back 177

Classical = C4b2a3b

Front 178

When any human cell becomes infected it responds by making cytokines called type 1___

Back 178

interferons

Front 179

Type two interferons are made by

Back 179

NK cells, CD8 T cells and CD4 TH1 cells

Front 180

Which type 1 interferon is multiform? single form?

Back 180

single form = type beta

multi = type alpha

Front 181

Which lymphocytes have a well developed cytoplasm? which dont?

Back 181

B and T dont -> all nucleus

NKs have well developed cytoplasm

Front 182

Two effector functions of NK cells

Back 182

Cell killing
Secretion of cytokines

Front 183

MIC ligand is expressed by/on?

receptor for ?

Back 183

-virus infected cells

-receptor for NKG2D on NKs

Front 184

Will a B-cell have somatic recombination of TCR genes?

Back 184

no - false

Front 185

IgE ________ region binds to ______ cells

Back 185

IgE constant region binds to mast cells

Front 186

If IgE variable region catches an antigen what happens?

Back 186

Causes the mast cell to degranulate

Front 187

Tissue rejection caused by extensive polymorphism of

Back 187

MHC class I and II genes

Front 188

What can Work in the anaerobic conditions found in damaged tissue

Back 188

Neutrophils

Front 189

Responsible for puss?

Back 189

neutrophils