Immuno Flash Cards

Front 1

Where are HSC are located?

Back 1

In the yolk sac during early embryonic stage, in the liver during early periods of gestation, and in bone marrow for the rest of the life

Front 2

What are Peripheral or Secondary Lymphoid Organs ?

Back 2

Peripheral or Secondary Lymphoid Organs are Concentrated sites of lymphoid tissue where mature lymphocytes have a chance to get stimulated to respond to invading pathogens. Examples for above: Spleen, Lymph Nodes located in various places of the body, Loosely organized mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, including payer?s patches, adenoids, tonsils.

Front 3

Mature "naive" B and T cells, unlike other blood cells, continuously circulate from blood to lymph nodes and back into blood. T/F

Back 3

T

Front 4

Give the pathway that Lymphocytes take in the lymphatic syst:

Back 4

Lymphocytes enter lymph nodes via arteries, but exit via Efferent Lymphatics, and finally re-enter blood circulation through left subclavian vein

Front 5

Once antigen encounter occur the microbe specific T cells undergo clonal expansion and effector differentiation in what?the

Back 5

lymph node

Front 6

Some of these effector T cells travel to infected tissue via what?

Back 6

efferent lymphatics and blood

Front 7

some of the effector T cells remain in lymph nodes and help B cells differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells T/F

Back 7

T

Front 8

The antibodies travel to infected tissues via what?

Back 8

efferent lymphatics and blood.

Front 9

In the case of blood borne infections what acts as secondary lymphoid tissue where adaptive immunity is initiated?

Back 9

the spleen

Front 10

Concentrated areas of the lymphocytes?

Back 10

White pulp

Front 11

Old/damaged RBC removed from circulation?

Back 11

Red Pulp

Front 12

In the case of infections coming from mucosal surfaces what acts as secondary lymphoid tissue where adaptive immunity is initiated?

Back 12

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Front 13

Immune memory is a unique character of the innate or adaptive immune system?

Back 13

adaptive immune system

Front 14

White Blood Cells=?

Back 14

Leukocytes

Front 15

Lymphocytes= ?

Back 15

T and B cells (usually circulate between blood, spleen and Lymph nodes, but alter circulation when stimulated)

Front 16

Na‹ve or virgin lymphocytes=?

Back 16

the T and B cells that have not yet been stimulated.

Front 17

Granulocytes (rich in granules) =?

Back 17

Polymorpho nuclear lymphocytes or PMNL (have multi-lobbed nucleus)= Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils (usually in blood but called upon to site of infection when needed, do not usually enter lymph nodes)

Front 18

Phagocytes= ?

Back 18

Usually Macrophages and Neutrophils but dendritic cells can do some phagocytosis although not as efficiently

Front 19

Monocytes=?

Back 19

Precursor cells of the macrophages and dendritic cells. These cells circulate in blood and mature into macrophages or dendritic cells upon tissue entry.

Front 20

What do Paneth cells do?

Back 20

constitutive secretion of definsins (part of innate immunity)

Front 21

What are PRRs?

Back 21

Pattern Recognition Receptors

Front 22

What are PAMPs?

Back 22

Pathogen Associate Molecular Patterns (ex: Gram +/_ bacteria, viral: Surface glycoproteins, protein-associated lipids, capsid protein, Nucleic acid (ssRNA, dsRNA, B-DNA)

Front 23

What is the relationships between PRRs and PAMPs?

Back 23

PRRs in the host recognize PAMPs in the microbe

Front 24

NOD-like receptors (NRLs) are NOT cytoplasmic T/F

Back 24

F

Front 25

What is essential for innate immune gene expression?

Back 25

NF-KB activation drives cytokine mRNA expression.

Front 26

What happens to patients without functional IRAK4?

Back 26

They suffer from recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria. In contrast they maintain good response to most common viral infections

Front 27

What are Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) and Melanoma differentiation antigen 5 (MDA5)?

Back 27

Specifically binds viral RNA: RIG-I binds ssRNA and short dsRNA, MDA5 binds to long dsRNA and Contain N-terminal caspase recruitment (CARD) domain

Front 28

what are Definsins?

Back 28

membrane-penetrating peptides that disrupt
and destroy microbes

Front 29

what do Kinins (bradykinin) do?

Back 29

vasodilation

Front 30

what are protease inhibitors?

Back 30

blockage of microbial invasion

Front 31

what cells secrete definsins constitutively?

Back 31

paneth cells in the gut

Front 32

PRRs?

Back 32

(Pattern Recognition Receptors) In the host recognize

Front 33

the activation of complement cascade
is triggered by the recognition of what?

Back 33

structural and space orientation patterns of the mannose sugar residues on microbial membranes and initiates

Front 34

what are Toll-like receptors?

Back 34

Type I transmembrane receptors characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain

Front 35

what does myD88 bind to? result?

Back 35

IRAK4- synthesis and secretion of TNF-alpha and other inflamatory cytokines

Front 36

what does TRIF bind to? result?

Back 36

TRAM; synthesis and secretion of type one interferons - INF- alpha and beta. leads to anti viral response

Front 37

what are the key players Systemic IFN production?

Back 37

epithelial cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells

Front 38

Do not kill our self cells because our cells express
NK inhibitory ligands, and lack NK activating ligands T/F

Back 38

T

Front 39

When there is an infection or stress, what is up-regulated and down regulated in our cells?

Back 39

1. molecules that give inhibitory signals to NK cell (e.g., decreased MHC class-I expression after herpes virus infection) are down-regulate
2. molecule that activate NK cells
(e.g., expression of MIC-A & MIC-B in stressed cells are up-regulate

Front 40

what secretes IFN-g and what does this molecule do?

Back 40

-NK cells
-IFN-g induce macrophages to kill the phagocytosed bacteria.

Front 41

IFNs and IL-12 DO NOT activate NK cells. T/F

Back 41

F. IFNs and IL-12 activate NK cells

Front 42

What is the arachidonic acid pathway?

Back 42

one of the main mechanisms for the production of pain and inflammation, as well as controlling homeostatic function. The pathway produces different classes of end product:
The prostaglandins (from cyclooxygenase metabolism) (PG) esp PGE2, PGF2alpha and PGD2
2. The Prostacyclines PGI2 3. Thromboxane Tx A2 4. The leukotrienes ( from lipoxygenase metabolism)

Front 43

What are prostaglandins?

Back 43

mediators of the vascular phases of inflammation and are potent vasodilators. They increase vascular permeability.

Front 44

What does Aspirin (Acetyl Salicylate) inhibit? How?

Back 44

It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis by blocking the cyclooxygenase pathway

Front 45

How is inflammation signaled in response to
PAMP recognition?

Back 45

NF-kB activation and inflammasome induction

Activation of responsive transcription factors,
IRF-1, IRF-5, AP-1, others.. (cell-specific)

Front 46

what is an inflammasome?

Back 46

An antimicrobial innate immune defense that is mediated by
-Nod-like receptors (NLRs) or other signaling receptors

-A multiprotein complex that activates caspase-1

-A platform that leads to caspase-1 activation,
processing and secretion of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such
as IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33. IL-1b is chief for initiating and propagating inflammation.

Front 47

what is diapedesis?

Back 47

squeezing through endothelium

Front 48

what can a defective NADPH oxidase subunits cause in a patient?

Back 48

Patients with defective NADPH oxidase subunits lack respiratory burst
-> no pH raise in the pahgosome
-> microbes not killed in the
Phagosome
->microbes persist as chronic intracellular infections
->Form localized nodules that contain infection, called granulomas

Front 49

give an example of NK inhibitory and activating receptor

Back 49

inhibitory:NKG2A
activating:NKG2D

Front 50

What recognizes class 1 MHC receptors (on any cell)?

Back 50

CD8 T cell (recognizes intracellular pathogens)

Front 51

What recognizes class 2 MHC receptors (on APCells)?

Back 51

CD4 T cell (recognizes extracellular pathogens)